TACKLING INSURGENCY

1
TACKLING INSURGENCY TERRORISM,AN INDIAN
PERSPECTIVE

• Lt. Gen. Y.M. Bammi, PhD,Retd.

2
PARTS

• North East (NE) States- Nagaland, Mizoram,
  Manipur Assam
• Punjab, Jammu Kashmir (JK)
• Emerging Challenges-Naxals Urban Terrorism
• Strategy Adopted
• The Way Ahead
• Abbreviations Used-SF-Security Forces,
  Ops-operations, CI Counter Insurgency, K-killed,
  W-wounded. Int-intelligence

3
MAP OF INDIA
4
IMPORTANT DATA

• 28 States, 6 Union territories (UT), 1 NCT
• Land Border
• Bangladesh 4,096 km (110 km along rivers),
  enclaves 111/51,
• partially fenced
• China 3,488 km
• Pakistan 3323 km ( 480 km in JK)-Fenced.
• Nepal 1,751 km
• Myanmar 1,643 km
• Bhutan 699 km
• Afghanistan 106 km
• Vulnerability Porous terrain, ethnic affinities,
  migration, smuggling.
• Population 1.3 billion (83 Hindus, 13 Muslims,
  4 others)
• Languages-29 major, 122 minor
• Religion-Major-8.

5
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROBLEMS

• 1947 Independence, NE region isolated/neglected/p
  oor connectivity/partition-transfer of
  population/JK war, refugee resettlement
• Conflicts1947/48, 1965, 1971 1999 with Pak
  1962 with China.
• Emphasis on nation building Socio eco,
  education, infrastructure
• Peripheral Region Local issues, weak civic
  institutions, law enforcement

6
POLICY

• Pandit Nehru Do not disturb tribal ethos,
  develop and improve their life, treat all as
  equal Indians
• Indira Gandhi Negotiations with people take
  time, be patient accommodating
• Indian Commander-in-Chief message to troops,
  1955-Nagaland-Curbing insurgency is not fighting
  a war-Adversary not an enemy-He is an Indian
  citizen
• Gen. B.C. Joshi COAS 1993- Ten commandments-
  Emphasis-avoid Human Rights Violations

7
MAP NORTH EAST
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SLIDE- NAGALAND-ISSUE- INDEPENDENT STATE

• Rejected by New Delhi-Signed Accord 1947-
  violated.
• Insurgency 1955
• SF Action Grouping of villages, raising Village
• Guards, gangs to China via East Pakistan/Myanmar
  (242 km border)
• Role of Missionaries Political activities,
  statehood-1963, Peace Mission, Shillong Accord
  1975, Naga students/Naga Hoho (Apex tribal body)-
  effective
• Causalities 24,000
• Peace Initiatives Development dividends
• Split in NSCN (IM), (K), NSO/FGN. Surrenderies
  of 1975- absorbed in SFs
• Present Status
• - Demand-Nagalim( Greater
  Nagaland-including all areas where Nagas live)
• Cease Fire NSCM (IM) August 1997
• NSCN (K) April 2001
• Negotiations for lasting peace continue

9
SLIDE- MIZORAM

• Insurgency March 1966
• Issue Unresponsive Government
• SF Action Grouping of villages/Jhoom cultivation
• Gangs to China via East Pakistan/Myanmar
• Role of Church, Political Institutions, Statehood
• Split-MNF-Surrenders/UG Ops/ Brig Sailo
• Mizo Accord 1986
• Present Status Fully Peaceful

10
ASSAM- GUWAHATI-ECONIMIC HUB

• Issues Economic Depravation, Illegal Migration,
  ULFA, AASU
• 1979 Peaceful Movement
• 15 August 1985 Assam Accord.
• Now Illegal migration BDs/Demographic changes
• Multiethnic State-Boros, Ahoms, Kacharis,
  Dimasas, Bengalis, Muslims, Santhals, others
• ULFA Leaders in BD, targeting Hindi speaking
  outsiders
• SULFA Good performance
• Bodo/Muslim clashes September 2008
• Bomb blasts 30th October 2008
• Present Status-Not Good

11
MANIPUR

• Valley10. 60 Population (Meitie, Hills-South
  Districts-90 population, 40 population (29
  tribes, Naga, Chin, Kuki, Mizo)
• Issues Tribal Plains vs. Hills, Ethnic-29
  groups, 1,000 causalities since 2002. Economic
  isolation/Attitude Nagaland Assam. Nagalim
• 30 Insurgent groups 24 lac population
• Present Situation Inter-group clashes,
  Naga-Kuki, Meirie
• Suspension of Ops Kuki Feb 2008.
• Political Dialogue on Socio-Economic Development
  lagging
• Opposition to Nagalim.
• Special Ministry for NE Development
• Note-
• Situation in Tripura, Meghalaya Arunachal
  Pradesh-peaceful.

12
MAP PUNJAB
13
PUNJAB

• 1980-90 Deterioration law order, Political
  Rivalry, Cult leader Bhindrawale-sought
  Khalistan. Attacks on Minority Hindus, Foreign
  Help-Pak/Sikhs
• Occupation Fortification of Golden Temple by
  Armed Militants under Bhindrawale-May 1984
• SF-Golden Temple-3/6 June 1984. Casualties-SF ,
  83 k, 248 w, civilians 492 k. Action Greatly
  Hurt Sikh psyche
• Aftermath Militancy-Rural Areas, Killing Prime
  Minister and former COAS. Backlash-riots.
• Resolution Rajiv Gandhi-Longewal. Development
  Package. SF Ops/Covert. Sealing Indian Border.
  Lack of local support.
• Present Situation Peaceful

14
MAP JAMMU KASHMIR
15
SLIDE (18-1)

• Historical Reasons 1963, Hazratbal
  Chirar-e-Sharif Incident
• 1989 Center-State relations. Kidnapping/Release
  Dr. Mufti. Iranian Revolution. Demand Terrorist
  Groups-JKLF-Azadi, Others--merger with Pakistan.
  Support from Pakistan ISI
• Pak Smarting 1971 defeat-Chance to break up
  India. War in Afghanistan ending. ISI-Bleed
  India with 1000 cuts". Minorities Killings
• 1989-92 Peak-Local Insurgents-Control ISI. SF-CI
  Grid, Civic Action, Joint HQ, Development plans,
  Political Process, Raising Rashtriya Rifles(
  special CI Force).
• 1993-95 Foreign Terrorists (FTs)
  Weapons-Afghanistan. Formation-Hurriyat. Proxy
  war by Pak. Arc of Militancy-spread to South of
  Pir Panjal
• 1996-98 Under Control-Maximum Tourists. Pak
  intrusion in Kargil-Kargil War 1999.
• Post Kargil War- Fidayeen.Local support-Less.
  FTs-50. Well Armed Motivated.
• LOC-Cease Fire Since Nov 2003
• 2005-06 Unilateral Cease Fire. Ramadan. Talks-
  Separatist Group. Development Packages.
• CBM-Pak. Bus/Trade. Incentives-Surrenders/Ikhwan/P
  olitical Process-Election 2002/08

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SLIDE (18-2) STRATEGY ADOPTED

• Centre Talk Initiatives, Development Projects,
  Special Grants, CBM, Bus trade.
• SFsRR-Int-TA battalion (Heart Hearth), Spec
  Ops-(SF) Cdos local police. C-Grid, Special
  Training, Modern Weapons Equipment,
• Fencing.
• Avoiding Human Rights Violations, Collateral
  Damage. Operation Sadbhavana. Emphasis-bring
  people of JK into mainstream India. Visits by
  traders,Children. Visits-POK/Pak
• Present Situation
• Infiltration attempts from Pak continue.
  Camps functioning. Hope US/International
  Pressure/Internal Situation will impact present
  policy of Pak .
• Causalities-SF Civilians-Reduced. More
  Surrenders.
• CI Grid-Effective. Police/CPOs-Cities. Human
  Rights Violations-Reduced.
• Set Back Land Transfer for Amarnath
  Pilgrims
• Future
• Elections-2008. CBM-Pak. CI Ops-Effective,
  aimed at weaning support from Over Ground
  Workers. Locals Fed-up. Want Peace.
• CBMs-Pak for resolving Kashmir Issue without
  change in boundaries.

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PART III EMERGING CHALLENGES

• NAXALS
• URBAN TERRORISM

18
MAP NAXAL AREA
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NAXAL THREAT

• Aim, Organization Causes-1967 Naxalbari-curbed.
  By 2007, 13 states. Operate underground with
  Local help.
• Activities Strength Transformation Political
  System, Save Exploited Marginalized Vulnerable
  Communities. Political motivation-Maos
  thoughts.. Strength 17,000.
• Targets SFs, State/Administrative Structure.
  Railways/Police. Extortion.
• Responses-Centre- Monitoring Cell, Assistance
  CPO. Funds Modernization State Police.
• New Forest Act
• Raising COBRA (Combat Battalions for Resolute
  Action)-Greyhound
• Inter-state co-ordinated Operations. Training for
  CI Ops (Armys role)
• Development Socio Economic
• State Development Security Forces Operations.
  Camps.Salwa Judam. Human Rights Violations.
• Present Status Andhra Pradesh-Stable. Other
  States-Vulnerable. Isolated incidents. Cause of
  concern. Salwa Judam-Peace Mission. Purification
  Hunt. Political Nexus. Impact Nepal example. Not
  a Self-Determination, Successionists Movement

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URBAN TERRORISM- MAP TERRORIST ATTACKS
21
URBAN TERRORISM- MAP TERRORIST ATTACKS
22
BACKGROUND

• New Threats since 1992. ISI diverted Terrorists
  from JK to hinterland. Support from Bangladesh
  Fundamentalists.
• Issues/Causes Babri Masjid demolition-Mafia
  Dawood Ibrahim-1993 Blasts Mumbai. Target
  Hindus-Instigate Communal Riots. Gujarat-Human
  Rights Violations. JK, Prominent-9/11.
  Participants-SIMI-now IM. Support from LeT, HM,
  HUJI (B), Pattern Taliban in Pak. Philosophy-Al
  Qaeda.
• Targets Symbols of Economic Development.
  Important Structures/Government Office.
  Parliament 2002. Crowded Markets. BJP ruled
  States. Places Connected with Hindu Religion.
  Attacks also on Muslim targets-(Hyderabad, Ajmer
  Mosques). Inflict causalities on Civilians. Take
  revenge for perceived neglect of Muslims

23
STATE RESPONSE

• Maintain Communal Harmony.
• Fatwa by Deoban-5000 clerics at Hyderabad on 10
  Nov 08.
• Co-ordinated State-Centre Investigation. No
  Communal bias/ speculation. Role of media,
  community leaders.
• Alertness -CCTVs. Prompt reporting sharing
  intelligence.

24
PART IV- STRATEGY ADOPTED BY INDIA

• Firm Security Force Action-No Human Rights
  Violation-Insurgents own people.
• Meet legitimate aspirations. Liberal funds for
  Socio-Economic development
• Encourage Political Institutional Participation
• Responsive Responsible Administration
• Encourage dialogue, Negotiations, Cease-fire.
  Accords-but within Indian Constitution
• Diplomatic Initiatives
• International
• Bi-lateral with Neighboring countries

25
PART-IV

• Army-Employ as last resort. Training CPOs/SFs for
  CI tasks. Special Trainings, Organization,
  Weapons Equipment.
• Iron Fist in Velvet Glove.
• Avoid Human Rights Violations.
• Avoid Collateral Damage
• Special Emphasis-Winning Hearts Minds
• Emphasis-Insurgents Not Enemy. Own Nationals.
  Need Compassionate Handling

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PART V- THE WAY AHEAD

• Control Urban Terrorism. Must Avoid Communal
  Backlash.
• Control Regional, Communal Political Violence
• Special Attention-Intelligence, Co-ordinated Ops,
  Special Forces Training
• Integrating Minorities Tribes into National
  Mainstream
• Emphasize that they are Vital for Building Indian
  Nation and have Stakes in its Socio-Economic
  Development

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CONCLUSION

• THANKS

28
SUGGESTED STUDY MATERIAL

• Insurgency or Ethnic Conflict With Reference
  to Manipur by S C Sharma, New Delhi Magnum
  Business Associates, 2000.
• Tackling Insurgency And Terrorism Blueprint For
  Action by Bhaskar Sarkar, New Delhi Vision
  Books, 1998.
• Terrorism and insurgency The challenge of
  modernization by E A Vas, Dehra Dun Natraj
  Publishers, 1986
• Insurgency Movement in North-Eastern India by
  Phanjoubam Tarapot, New Delhi Vikas, 1994.
• Insurgency and countetr-insurgency A study of
  modern Guerilla warfare by V K Anand, New Delhi
  Deep and Deep, 1981.
• Insurgency in North-East India by B, Ed. Pakem,
  New Delhi Omsons, 1997 Rs 440/-.
• Insurgency and counter-insurgency by B Varma New
  Delhi Uppal Publishing House, 1988.
• The Nagas Rebel and Insurgency in the North-East
  by Kiranshankar Maitra, New Delhi Vikas, 1998
  Rs 350/-
• Kashmir Towards Insurgency by Balraj Puri New
  Delhi Orient Longman, 1995.
• The Genesis of the Insurgency in Jammu and
  Kashmir and in the Noth East and Future Prospect
  by K V Krishna New Delhi United Service
  Institution of India , 1997 Rs. 75.00

29
SUGGESTED STUDY MATERIAL

• Insurgency in mizoram Its genesis and causes by
  Department of Military Science Gorakhpur
  University of Gorakhpur, 1984.
• Insurgency in Northeast India The Role of
  Bangladesh by Sengupta, Dipankar Delhi Authors
  press, 2004 Rs 650/-
• War Against Insurgency and Terrorism in Kashmir
  by Lt Gen Y M Bammi, Dehra Dun Natraj
  Publishers, 2007 Rs 450.00
• Tackling Insurgency and Terrorism by Samay Ram,
  New Delhi Manas Publications, 2002 Rs 595.00
• Air Power and Counter Insurgency A Review JK
  as a Model by Arun Kumar Tiwary, New Delhi
  Lancer's Books, 2002 Rs 430.00
• Lost Opportunities 50 Years of Insurgency
  in the North-east and India's Response by S P
  Sinha New Delhi Lancer Publishers
  Distributors, 2007 Rs 695.00
• Jammu and Kasmir Study Report by Lakhera, M M
  Nayar, V K and Samay Ram Delhi (United Service
  Institution of India , 2003)
• Kashmir The troubled frontiers by Afsir
  Karim, New Delhi Lancer Publishers Pvt. Ltd,
  1994
• Amritsar Mrs Gandhi's last battle by Mark Tully
  and Satish Jacob LondonJonathan Cape, 1985
• Operation Blue Star The True Story by KS Brar
  New Delhi UBS Publishers Distributors Ltd.,
  1993
• Security Threats to North-East IndiaThe
  Socio-Ethnic Tension by Narahari,N S ,New Delhi
  Manas Publications, 2002 Rs 595.00