Religion

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Religion

• The Way it was
• The Way it is
• The Way it will be

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The Five World Religions

• Christianity
• Islam
• Judaism
• Hinduism
• Buddhism

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Christianity

• Most widespread religion in the world
• Present in the USA, Canada, South America,
  Australia, and England, among others
  
• Various forms exist including Roman Catholic,
  Lutheran, Methodist, Baptist

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Christianitys Beliefs

• Originated as a cult, propelled by Jesus,
  Himself
  
• Monotheism-belief in a single divine power
• Trinity unique version of the Supreme Being
  God, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit
  
• Believe in a final judgement by God

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Judaism

• Something less than a world religion with only 15
  million followers around the world
  
• Only in Israel do Jews represent the national
  majority
  
• USA has largest concentration of Jews (6
  million)
  
• 3 main denominations Orthodox, Reform, and
  Conservative Jews

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Judaism Beliefs

• Covenant special relationship with God by which
  Jews became the chosen people.
  
• Regard Old Testament as a record of their history
  and a statement of the duties of Jewish life
  
• Emphasizes moral behavior on earth

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Hinduism

• Oldest of all world religions
• 14 of all humanity are Hindus
• Remains an Eastern Religion, located in India,
  Pakistan,Indonesia, and South Africa
  
• Not linked to the life of a single person

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Hinduism Beliefs

• Dharma moral force in the universe that gives
  everyone responsibilities
  
• Karma a belief in the spiritual process f the
  human soul
  
• All actions have spiritual consequences
• Reincarnation
• No judgement by supreme being, only when a soul
  reaches Moksha (spiritual perfection) will it not
  be reborn

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Buddhism

• 350 million Buddhists (6 of people)
• Located in Thailand, Cambodia, Japan, India, and
  China
  
• Resembles Hinduism in doctrine, but stems from
  the life of one person, Buddha
  

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Buddhist Beliefs

• Believe much of life involves suffering
• Must transcend materialism through meditation to
  achieve Nirvana, spiritual enlightenment and
  peace
  
• No judgement by a supreme being, but every action
  has spiritual consequences
  
• Reincarnation
• Enlightenment frees a person from suffering

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Islam

• The majority of people in the Middle East are
  Muslims
  
• 1.2 billion followers (20 of humanity)
• Follow the teachings of Muhammad-a prophet, not a
  divine being
  

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Islam Beliefs

• Quran word of God transmitted through
  Muhammad--submission to Allah as the path to
  inner peace
  
• 5 Pillars of Islam
• 1. Allah is one true God, Muhammad his messenger.
  
  
• 2. Ritual prayer
• 3. Give alms to the poor.
• 4. Fast during Ramadan
• 5. Pilgrimage at least once to Mecca

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Islam Beliefs

• Final judgement by God
• Muslims must defend their faith--holy wars
  (jihad) against nonbelievers.
  
• Many countries recently have tried to rid their
  society of morally wrong Western influences

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Historical Religious Conflict
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Crusades

• Roman Catholic Christianity vs. Turks Muslim
• 1095 A.D.- 1099 A.D.
• Palestine and Israel (Mainly the Jerusalem
  region)
  
• Pope Urban II called for the Christians of Europe
  to battle the Muslims and regain Jerusalem for
  Christianity
  

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Aftermath of Crusades

• Europeans carved out four states in Palestine
• Many castles and fortresses were built to protect
  the states from Muslim forces.
  
• The Muslims gradually recaptured the territory,
  and European presence in Palestine ended in 1291.
  
  
• These events would later come back to hurt
  relations in the future between these peoples.

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Balkans

• The Balkan states saw in the Turkish revolution
  of 1908-1909 and the Italo-Turkish War of
  1911-1912 an opportunity to retaliate against the
  Turks, their former oppressors.
• The Balkan Alliance won a series of decisive
  victories over the Turks during the next two
  months, forcing them to relinquish Albania,
  Macedonia, and practically all their other
  holdings in southeast Europe

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Balkans

• Representatives of the belligerents and the major
  European powers met in London to decide the
  Balkan question.
  
• The Turks rejected the peace conditions demanded
  by the Balkan states, and the conference
  
• Another peace conference, with the major European
  powers again acting as mediators, met at London
  on May 20. By the terms of the Treaty of London,
  concluded on May 30, the Turks ceded the island
  of Crete to Greece and relinquished all
  territories in Europe west of a line between the
  Black Sea
• The Treaty of London created friction among the
  Balkan allies, especially between Serbia and
  Bulgaria. Among the causes of the friction was
  the Bulgarian refusal to recognize the Serbian
  claim to certain Bulgarian-held portions of
  Macedonia. In addition, Serbia was resentful
  because it failed to obtain territory along the
  Adriatic Sea.

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Balkans Impact

• The Balkan Wars profoundly influenced the
  European history. They created a strong and
  ambitious Serbia, and anti-Serbian sentiment in
  neighboring Austria-Hungary.
• These conditions greatly insured conflict having
  severely damaged European alliances and helped
  kindle the volatile conditions that led to the
  outbreak of World War I.

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Palestinian Conflict

• Throughout history Palestine, located on the
  eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, was
  conquered many times by invaders
  
• The Arab-Israeli Conflict is based mostly a
  20th-century conflict between Arabs and Jews in
  the Middle East over the land of historic
  Palestine.
• Herzl believed Zionism, the reuniting of Jewish
  people in Palestine, would match A people
  without a land with a land without a
  people.Herzl believed Zionism, the reuniting of
  Jewish people in Palestine, would match A people
  without a land with a land without a people.

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Palestinian Conflict

• Palestine was already inhabited, however. The
  countryside was home to Arabs, most of them
  Muslims,
  
• The vast majority of Palestinians were Muslim
  Arabs, the term Palestinians now usually refers
  only to them
  
• In 1922 the British separated Palestine into two
  territories land east of the Jordan River became
  the Emirate of Transjordan which is now Jordan
  land to the west, from Lebanon and Syria in the
  north to Egypt in the south, remained Palestine
• Both Jews and Arabs conducted terrorist attacks
  and intermittent, low-level warfare. Both groups
  resisted the British, particularly when a British
  policy was believed to benefit one side over the
  other. The struggle was reflected in political
  efforts to control land, institutions, and the
  economy.

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Palestinian Conflict

• In the Arab-Israeli War of 1948 Arab forces had
  expected an easy victory over the small and
  isolated Jewish state, but despite heavy
  casualties Israel won
• Israel also increased the land under its control.
  The region just west of the Jordan River known as
  the West Bank came under the control of
  Transjordan
• The demoralized Arab world was unwilling to
  accept the Israeli victory, and shortly after the
  war the Arabs began to regroup for more fighting
  
• In 1967 several Arab states called for war.
  Assuming the Arabs would attack, Israel struck
  first, and caught the Arabs by surprise
  
• In the Six-Day War that followed, Israel
  demolished the armies and air forces of the
  Arabs. It also gained control of the West Bank,
  the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip, the Golan
  Heights region of southwestern Syria, and all of
  Jerusalem

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Palestinian Conflict

• The UN Security Council passed Resolution 242,
  which called for an exchange of territory for
  peace and for a resettling of the Palestinian
  refugees
• Arabs and Israelis both rejected Resolution 242.
  The Arab states continued to call for the
  destruction of Israel, while Israel for its part,
  refused to withdraw from the territories it
  occupied
• The Arabs attacked in October 1973 on Yom Kippur,
  the holiest day of the Jewish year, and caught
  Israel by surprise. The Arab advances greatly
  restored Arab confidence. Israel, however,
  quickly recovered from the surprise and again
  pushed into Arab territory
• In the late 1980s Palestinians began a widespread
  campaign against the continuing Israeli
  occupation of the Gaza Strip and West Bank
  
• The uprising put the Israeli army on the
  defensive and forced them to devote significant
  resources to patrolling the Occupied Territories
  as a police force. Many soldiers, including
  civilian reservists, were injured or killed, and
  the army in turn often used brutal tactics
  against Palestinians

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Palestinian Conflict

• the United States, along with its one-time enemy
  the USSR, pressed Arabs and Israelis to pursue
  peace in the Madrid Conference of 1991
  
• In 1993, while the official negotiating teams of
  the Palestinians and Israel were engaged in
  deadlocked negotiations in the United States
  
• The Oslo Accords and the resulting Declaration of
  Principles set the stage for a gradual transfer
  of power to the Palestinians
  
• Further agreements in 1994 and 1995 gave the
  Palestinians autonomy over most aspects of life
  in the Gaza Strip and in urban areas of the West
  Bank
• Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin was
  assassinated in 1995 by an Israeli student
  opposed to the peace process
  
• Under Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu,
  the peace process stalled in 1997
  
• Netanyahu completed some elements of the peace
  agreements, such as removing Israeli troops from
  the West Bank town of Hebron, some of his
  policies, including building Israeli settlements
  in Arab East Jerusalem, angered Palestinians

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Palestinian Conflict

• In October 1998 Netanyahu and Arafat signed an
  accord by which Israel would withdraw from
  additional West Bank territory in return for
  Palestinian security measures against terrorist
  attacks on Israel
• In November Israel completed the first of three
  scheduled withdrawals, but froze the
  implementation of the accord the following month.
  Israel claimed that the Palestinians had not
  carried out their part of the accord and placed
  new conditions on further withdrawals. These
  developments again stalled the peace process and
  delayed negotiations on the final status of the
  West Bank and Gaza Strip
• Today, the United States continue to try and
  negotiate peace in the middle east and with every
  attempt there is met a strong opposition from the
  public of the Arabs and Israelis.
• Recently attempts by secretary of state Colin
  Powell to engaged in peace accords have yielded
  results but not of the significance that is
  desired.

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Religious Terrorism
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Muslim Beliefs

• Believe in one God Allah.
• Believe in the Prophets.
• Their holy book is the Quran.
• Believe in the day of Judgment.
• Believe in Angels.

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Judaism

• Believe in a single God.
• Believe that God is continuously at work
  throughout the world.
  
• God is above and beyond all earthly things.

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Jaish-e-Muhammad

• The group is from Pakistan.
• Group has preformed many killings and suicide
  bombings.
  
• The latest was in Kashmir, India.
• A suicide bomber drove a car filled with
  explosives into the Kashmir legislative counsil
  building.

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Irish Republican Army (IRA)

• They are national terrorists
• Commit many bombings and suicide car bombings
• Have performed many bombings in Ireland, UK, and
  Germany.

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Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)

• Have comited patterns of Global terrorism
• Composed of numerous guerrilla groups
• Al Fatah, the largest of the groups is lead by
  Yasir Arafat.

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In Conclusion

• Religion covers the world, it is hard not to be
  influenced by some type of religious group.
  
• The Historically Conflicts dealing with religion
  have been raging for eons.
  
• The fact that we consider ourselves more
  educated now does not influence religion.
  
• There are many people that have delt with this in
  the past and we will have to continue to struggle
  to reach peace.

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Conclusion

• The Future is unknown when dealing with the
  present conflicts
  
• The past shows us that this is not a simple whos
  right and whos wrong.
  
• The fighting may continue on for many many years
  to come
  
• The goals are to try to satisfy many different
  people with many views
  
• In the end what will happen in Ultimately
  unknown, but the future as of now holds the hope
  that some day this will be over.

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