The Enlightenment

1
The Enlightenment
2
The Enlightenment Ideals

• Belief in the supremacy of reason over pleasure
  conviction that humans could perfect society
  through the application of the intellect to human
  affairs
• Science takes its place for the first time

3
The Philosophes

• Thinkers who advocated reason
• Paris was the center of the movement
• Search for universal laws in human affairs
• Scorned superstition, Christianity
• Encyclopedie a compendium of all human
  knowledge edited by Diderot
• Deism God created universe to operate rationally

4
The Salons

• Social gatherings with dining, entertainment,
  conversation
• Wealthy women
• Mme. Geoffrin Rousseau, Diderot
• Helped finance Encyclopedie
• Discussion of ideas and events

5
Rousseau

• Most popular of the Enlightenment
• Natural goodness of humans value of freedom and
  equality
• Respect for humans in nature Native Americans
  were the exemplars
• Concept of general will
• Flaws in society and institution cause social
  injustice

6

• LOCKE
• Two Treatises of Government
• Government voluntary association of humans
  acting in their self-interest
• Humans are reasonable and cooperative
• Power of the legislature the people
• People could overthrow government and replace
  with better one

• HOBBES
• Leviathan
• All-powerful sovereign should rule stupid humans
• Humans are greedy and violent
• Power of the executive the government

7
Rococo Style

• Softer, more delicate style than Baroque
• Name from rocaille, a shell-like decoration
  used in gardens.
• Art was happy, witty, frivolous, playful
• Watteau Pilgrimage to Cythera (fig. 16.3)
• Fragonard The Meeting (fig. 16.5)

8
The Bourgeois Response

• Figaro based on a French play
• Condemned aristocratic privilege
• Middle class gained influence
• Art reflected their moral attitudes

9
The Rise of the Novel

• Epistolary novels
• A leisured class of educated readers emerged
• Novels of manners, such as Jane Austens Sense
  and Sensibility

10
The Neoclassical Style

• Style of the later eighteenth century that
  imitated the art of ancient Greece and Rome
• Influenced by scholarship, excavations of
  Herculaneum and Pompeii

11
Neoclassical Architecture

• Influence of Palladio
• Chiswick House (fig. 16.17)
• Thomas Jefferson Ambassador to France
• Monticello in Virginia (fig. 16.19)

12
Neoclassical Painting

• Jacques-Louis David Oath of the Horatii (fig.
  16.13), 1784
• This painting embodied leading principles of
  neoclassicism didactic purpose, purity of form,
  and deep passion restrained by good taste.
• Revolt against rococo
• David involved in French Revolution

13
The Classical Symphony

• Order, proportion, harmony
• Haydn father of symphony
• 4 movements
• sonata form three-part structure still used
  today
• Mozart had the ability to create effortless
  transitions between sections and build
  symmetrical structure for his music

14
The Age of Satire

• Aims to improve society by humorous criticism
• Attacks on social ills
• Jonathan Swift Gullivers Travels
• Voltaire Candide
• Hogarth Marriage à la Mode The Marriage
  Contract (fig. 16.9)

15
Jonathan Swift

• A Modest Proposal recommended that poor Irish
  children be butchered, roasted and served for
  Sunday dinners. It would reduce population and
  provide income.
• Gullivers Travels Horses put humans to shame.
  Mocked humans as Yahoos
• Not convinced of human decency

16
Voltaire

• Opposed evils of religious bigotry and political
  oppression
• Candide makes fun of optimists
• Cultivate your own garden reject philosophical
  solutions, cultivate self, work hard and seek a
  comfortable and reasonable life.

17
Mozart and Opera

• Independent musician no patron
• Began at age 6. Composed more than 600 works,
  including 20 operas and 41 symphonies
• Joseph II of Austria sponsored him
• Balance of music and drama in opera
• The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, The Magic
  Flute