Enlightenment

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Enlightenment Revolution

• 1550 - 1789

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Group Work

• Once you are in groups please work quietly but
  efficiently.
• Together, make a list of the TOP 5 Most Important
  advancements made in the Medical Science Field
  over the past 30 years.
• Then make a list of the TOP 5 Most Important
  Discoveries made in Outer Space in the past 30
  years.

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Scientific Revolution

• Roots of Modern Science
• Truth came from the Bible or the Greeks and
  Romans
• Medieval View
• Moon, Sun, Planets moved circular paths around
  earth.
• Known as the geocentric theory
• Belief that God planned for earth as center of
  the universe
• A New Way of Thinking
• 1500s begins the scientific revolution
• Change in science, mathematic, and astronomy

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Revolutionary Model of the Universe

• Nicolas Copernicus believed in the heliocentric
  theory
• Went against the geocentric theory
• Did not release his theory until he was on his
  death bed
• Revolution of Heavenly Bodies
• Johannes Kepler
• Helped develop the theory that planets traveled
  in elliptical motion
• Galileo Galilei
• Discovered the law of the pendulum (1581)
• Discovered falling objects fall at a predictable
  rate
• Built his own telescope (1609)
• Observed Jupiters four moons
• Observed rough surface on the moon proved
  Copernicus theory
• Punished by the church, lived in house arrest
  (1633 1642)

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Scientific Method

• Logical theory for gathering and testing ideas
• Find a problem
• Create a hypothesis
• Test hypothesis in experiments
• Analyze and interpret the data
• Conclusion
• Francis Bacon
• Belief of using experimentsnot just theory

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Isaac Newton

• English Scientist
• Developed the theory of motion
• Force ruled the motion of planets
• Every object attracts every object

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Spread of Scientific Revolution

• Scientific Instrument
• First microscope in 1590
• Used microscope to study bacteria on teeth
• Mercury Barometer 1643
• Measured atmospheric pressure and predicts
  weather
• Mercury Thermometer 1714
• Medicine
• 1543 First human bodies dissected
• 1628 Study of heart and lungs
• 1700s Smallpox vaccine invented

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Spread of Scientific Revolution

• Discoveries in Chemistry
• Robert Boyle 1661
• Believed physical world built of small particles
  joined together in different ways
• Disputed early belief of only four elements
• Earth
• Air
• Fire
• Water
• 1779 Discovery of pure oxygen

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Philosophers of the Enlightenment

• What is Philosophy?

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Philosophy

• Reason
• Nature
• Happiness
• Progress
• Liberty

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Enlightened Europe

• The age of reason
• Reached height in the mid 1700s
• Looked at laws governing human behavior
• Government, Religion, Economics, Education
• Led to progress, secular outlook, and importance
  of the individual

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Thomas Hobbes

• Social Contract called Leviathan
• Convinced all humans were naturally selfish and
  wicked
• Without government to keep order, war of every
  man against every man
• Give up rights to the ruler to escape bleak life
• Gain law and order (not the T.V. show) in exchange

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Hobbes (cont)

• Social Contract ? Agreement by which people
  create government
• Ruler needs total power to keep people under
  control
• Best government would have the awesome power of
  the leviathan (Sea Monster)
• Example Absolute Monarch

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John Locke

• Believed people could learn from experience
  improve themselves
• People have the ability to govern themselves
• Criticized absolute monarchs
• All people born free and equal with 3 natural
  rights
• Life
• Liberty
• Property

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John Locke

• The purpose of government is to protect natural
  rights
• If government failsPeople have the right to
  overthrow the government
• Two Treatises on Government helped overthrow
  James II

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Philosophers of the Enlightenment

• Continued

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Voltaire

• Published 70 Books
• Used satire against his opponents
• Targeted the clergy, aristocrats, government
• Wrote about freedom of religion speech
• Humanities Worst Enemy
• Intolerance
• Prejudice
• Superstition
• Supported freedom of speech religion

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Baron de Montesquieu

• Studied Political Liberty
• Studied Ancient Rome
• Concluded Rome collapsed due to loss of political
  liberties
• Believed in three branches of government
• Executive ? King
• Legislative ? Parliament
• Judicial ? English Court
• Promoted Checks Balances

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Jean Jacques Rousseau

• Passionate to Individual Freedom
• Reason, Science, Art would improve life of people
• Civilization corrupted peoples natural goodness
• Born free moved to bondage
• Believed in a Direct Democracy
• Wrote the Social Contract

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Cesare Beccaria

• Laws existed to preserve social order, not to
  avenge crimes
• Against abuse of justice
• Not torture of witnesses, suspects
• Irregular trial proceedings
• Arbitrary punishments
• Abolish Capital Punishment
• Punishment should fit crime

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Spread of Ideas The American Revolution

• Causes

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Spread of Ideas (Quick Review)

• Encyclopedias (1751)
• Denis Diderot
• Scholarly Articles
• Circulate new ideas
• Literature
• Baroque period ? Grand, ornate style
• Neoclassical ? New classical
• Novels developed

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Enlightenment (cont)

• Monarchy
• Rulers respect peoples rights
• Ruled justly
• Became known as enlightened despots
• Relationship between ruler state
• Old Idea
• State Citizens exist to serve the monarch
  (Louis XIV)
• New Idea
• Monarch exists to serve the state and support the
  citizens welfare

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American Revolution

• Britain Its American Colonies
• King George III ruler in 1760
• Growing colonies
• 250,000 in 1700
• 2,150,000 in 1770
• 8 fold increase
• Supported Englands Economy
• Colonists settled for 150 years
• 13 colonies with separate governments
• Ruled by Britain
• Mercantilist economy

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American Revolution Causes

• French Indian War (1763)
• French Indians vs. Britain Colonies
• War caused tighter trade laws
• Mercantilist economics
• French Indian War caused huge debt for Britain
• American colonies benefited ? Expected to pay war
  costs
• Parliament passes the Stamp Act (1765)
• Pay tax to have official stamp put on wills,
  deeds, newspapers, and other printed materials
• Colonists believed act was against natural rights
  was taxation without representation
• Boycott led to repeal of Stamp act in 1766

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Causes (cont)

• Boston Tea Party (1773)
• Tax on imported tea
• Samuel Adams led raid against 3 British Ships
• Dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor
• British troops closed the ports and occupied the
  city

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American Revolution

• Course Consequence

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American Revolution Course

• September 1774
• Representative gather from every colony except
  Georgia
• First Continental Congress
• Held in Philadelphia
• Formally protested King George III
• Complaints Ignored
• Second Continental Congress held with all
  colonies

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Course (cont)

• April 19, 1775
• British soldiers American militiamen trade gun
  fire in Lexington, MA
• Fight spread to Concord
• Second Continental Congress voted to raise an
  army
• George Washington voted as Leader
• American Revolution had begun

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American Revolution Consequence

• Second Continental Congress Issued Declaration of
  Independence (July 1776)
• Written by Thomas Jefferson
• Based on the ideas of John Locke
• Citizens had natural rights
• Listed abuses by the king

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Consequence (cont)

• Reason for Success
• Motivated fighters
• Overconfident British made mistakes
• Americans were at home
• France entered war in 1778
• Under King Louis XVI
• 9,500 Americans 7,800 French trapped Britain
  near Yorktown, VA
• 1781 Cornwallis surrendered

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Creating a Republic
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Americas Republic

• National Government Needed
• Colonists wanted a weak national government
• 1781 all 13 states ratified the 1st constitution
• Known as the Articles of Confederation
• Made America a republic
• Creation of Weak National Government
• States held all the powers
• No executive or judiciary

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Americas Republic

• Creation of Congress (Under the 1st Constitution)
• Helped keep states organized
• 9 of 13 states had to vote to pass laws
• Congressional Rights
• Coin Money
• Declare Treaties
• Declare War
• Not extremely effective
• Debts Caused Problems
• Farmers were owed money
• Daniel Shay demanded repayment
• Shays Rebellion was crushed
• Called for taxes on states

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New Constitution

• Need for Strong National Government
• Shown by Shays Rebellion
• February 1787 Congress approved Constitution
  Convention to discuss Articles
• May 25, 1787 First Session
• 55 Delegates
• Utilized theories of Locke, Montesquieu,
  Rousseau

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Creation of Federal System

• 3 Branches
• Executive
• Enforces laws
• Legislative
• Creates laws
• Judicial
• Ensures laws are in line with the constitution
• Checks Balances
• Sharing Powers
• Reserved (States)
• Delegated (States to National)
• Concurrent (States National)
• September 17, 1787 Congress Passes Constitution
  Bill of Rights
• Bill of Rights ? 10 Amendments

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• The Colonies have won the American Revolution!!!
  Yay.
• Now what?
• What are the first things that need to be done?
• List as many things that you can
• What are the responsibilities of the nation?
• What are the responsibilities of the states?