Skeletal part 2

1
Skeletal part 2

• Skull etc.

2
Levers

• Four Basic Components
• rigid bar bones
• fulcrum point on which bar movesjoint
• object moved against resistance
• force supplies energy for movement muscles

7-13
3
Skull

• Parietal (2)
• side walls of cranium
• roof of cranium
• sagittal suture

7-18
4
Skull

• Temporal (2)
• wall of cranium
• floor of cranium
• floors and sides of orbits
• squamosal suture
• external acoustic meatus
• mandibular fossa
• mastoid process
• styloid process
• zygomatic process

7-19
5
Skull

• Occipital (1)
• back of skull
• base of cranium
• foramen magnum
• occipital condyles
• lambdoidal suture

7-20
6
Skull

• Sphenoid (1)
• base of cranium
• sides of skull
• floors and sides of orbits
• sella turcica
• for pituitary gland
• sphenoidal sinuses

7-21
7
Skull

• Ethmoid (1)
• roof and walls of nasal cavity
• floor of cranium
• wall of orbits
• cribriform plates/olfactory foramina)
• perpendicular plate
• superior and middle nasal conchae
• ethmoidal sinuses
• crista galli

7-22
8
Facial Skeleton

• Maxillary (2)
• upper jaw
• anterior roof of mouth
• floors of orbits
• sides of nasal cavity
• floors of nasal cavity
• alveolar processes
• maxillary sinuses
• palatine process
• Cleft palate?

7-23
9
Facial Skeleton

• Palatine (2)
• posterior roof of mouth
• floor of nasal cavity
• lateral walls of nasal cavity

7-24
10
Facial Skeleton

• Zygomatic (2)
• prominences of cheeks
• lateral walls of orbits
• floors of orbits
• temporal process

7-25
11
Facial Skeleton

• Lacrimal (2)
• medial walls of orbits
• groove from orbit to nasal cavity called
  lacrimal fossa

• Nasal (2)
• bridge of nose

7-26
12
Facial Skeleton

• Vomer (1)
• inferior portion of nasal septum
• Shaped like plow

7-27
13
Facial Skeleton

• Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
• extend from lateral walls of nasal cavity

7-28
14
Facial Skeleton

• Mandible (1)
• lower jaw
• body
• ramus
• mandibular condyle
• coronoid process
• alveolar process
• mandibular foramen
• mental foramen

7-29
15
Infantile Skull
Fontanels fibrous membranes
7-30
16
Vertebral Column

• cervical vertebrae (7)
• thoracic vertebrae (12)
• lumbar vertebrae (5)
• sacrum (5 fused)
• coccyx (4 fused)
• Primary curves are T
• and S
• Secondary are C and L

7-31
17
Vertebral Column

• cervical curvature
• thoracic curvature
• lumbar curvature
• pelvic curvature
• rib facets
• vertebra prominens
• intervertebral discs
• intervertebral foramina

7-32
18
Cervical Vertebrae

• Atlas 1st supports head
• Axis 2nd dens pivots to turn head
• transverse foramina
• bifid spinous processes
• vertebral prominens useful landmark (C7)

7-33
19
Thoracic Vertebrae

• long spinous processes
• rib facets or demi-facets

7-34
20
Lumbar Vertebrae

• large bodies
• thick, short spinous processes

7-35
21
Sacrum

• five fused vertebrae
• median sacral crest
• dorsal sacral foramina
• posterior wall of pelvic cavity
• sacral promontory

7-36
22
Coccyx

• tailbone
• four fused vertebrae
• (usually)

7-37
23
Thoracic Cage

• Ribs
• Sternum
• Thoracic vertebrae
• Costal cartilages
• Supports shoulder girdle
• Protects viscera
• Role in breathing

7-38
24
Ribs

• True ribs (7)
• False ribs (5)
• floating (2)

7-39
25
Rib Structure

• Shaft
• Head posterior end articulates with vertebrae
• Tubercle articulates with vertebrae
• Costal cartilage hyaline cartilage

7-40
26
Sternum

• Manubrium
• Body
• Xiphoid process

7-41
27
Calcium balance

• Calcium ions (Ca) in extracellular fluid are
  necessary for
• 1) blood clotting
• 2) muscle contraction
• 3) nerve function
• The proper level of Ca is controlled by the
  parathyroid gland

28
Low calcium

• Parathyroid hormone is secreted which causes
  osteoclasts to break down bone and release Ca
• 2) Parathyroid hormone also causes more Ca to
  be absorbed from the intestines.

29
High calcium

• Parathyroid hormone is cut off which causes
  calcium to be added to the bone.
• 2) Thyroid gland releases calcitonin which causes
  osteoblasts to deposit calcium in the bone

30
What else affects bone?

• Hormones (insulin, estrogen, testosterone,
  thyroid hormone, growth hormone, CT and PTH)
• Vitamins (C, D, A)

31
Fractures

• Compound-open (bone sticking out)
• Closed-simple (bone is not sticking out)
• Complete-bone is broken into 2 or more pieces
• Incomplete-pieces remain joined
• Greenstick-occurs in children-bone is bent on one
  side and incomplete fracture on other side
• Comminuted-bone is broken into 3 or more pieces

32
More fractures

• Displaced-fractured portions are out of alignment
• Nondisplaced-portions of bone are still in
  correct alignment
• Depressed-broken bone forms a concavity (skull
  fracture)
• Transverse-fracture is perpendicular to long axis
• Oblique-diagonal
• Spiral-fracture spirals as result of twisting
• Potts-fracture at distal end of tibia or fibula
  (sports)
• Colles-fracture at distal end of radius or ulna
  (common in osteoporosis)