Skeletal System

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Skeletal System

• Mrs. Schenfield
• 8th Grade
• Life Science

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5 Functions of the Skeletal System

• 1. Movement Skeletal system provides points of
  attachment for muscles. Your legs and arms move
  when the muscles pull on the bones.
• 2. Support The backbone is the main support
  center for the upper body. It holds your head up
  and protects your spinal cord.

• Muscle attached to bones!!

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5 Functions of the Skeletal System

• 3. Protection The bones of your skull protect
  your brain. Your ribs protect your lungs and
  heart from injury.
• 4. Makes Blood Red and white blood cells are
  formed by tissue called marrow, which is in the
  center of the bone.

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5 Functions of the Skeletal System

• 5. Storage Bones store minerals, such as calcium
  and phosphorus, for use by the body

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Two Major Skeletal System Parts

• Axial Skeleton The axial skeleton includes the
  skull, spine, ribs and sternum.
• Appendicular Skeleton The appendicular skeleton
  includes the appendages of the body, which are
  the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs.

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Skeletal System Bones

• Four basic bone shapes
• 1. Long- arms, legs and fingers
• 2. Short- wrist and ankles
• 3. Flat- skull and sternum
• 4. Irregular- spine

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Bone Structure
Hyaline cartilage - covers the ends of the bones,
stops them rubbing together and absorbs
shock. Epiphysis- the head of the
bone. Cancellous bone - spongy bone that stores
the red bone marrow where blood cells are made.
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Bone Structure
Epiphyseal plate the area where bones grow in
length. Diaphysis - the shaft. Compact bone
hard, dense bone. It gives strength to the hollow
part of the bone.
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Bone Structure
Periosteum a protective layer where there is no
hyaline cartilage. Ligaments and tendons attach
to the periosteum. Medullary cavity/marrow cavity
- contains the yellow bone marrow where white
blood cells are made.
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Bone Growth
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Bone Growth
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Bones of the Cranium

• Some are thicker
• than others!!!

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Bones of the Skull Sutures
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Maxilla and Mandible
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Maxilla
Mandible
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Clavicle or Collarbone

• The clavicle, or collar bone, holds the shoulder
  joint away from the rest of the upper body and is
  only as thick as your little finger.

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Scapula

• The scapula is located on the back side of the
  ribcage and helps provide part of the shoulder
  joint and movement for the arms.

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Vertebral Column or Spinal Cord

• 1) The cervical region (neck bones) 
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• 2) The thoracic region (what the ribs attach to)
• 3) The lumbar region (the lower part of the back) 

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Coccyx and Sacrum
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Humerus (Upper Arm Bone)
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Radius and Ulna

• Radius on Top
• Ulna on Bottom

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Carpals or (Wrist Bones)
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Metacarpals (Top of Hands)
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Phalanges (Little Fingers)
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Rib Cage
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Thoracic Cage
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Sternum (Breastbone)
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Pelvis (Dancing Bone)
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Femur (Largest Bone in the Body)
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The Tibia and Fibula
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Tarsals
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Metatarsals
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Phalanges
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Calcaneous
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Joints of the Body

• Ball and Socket Joint Round end of bone fitting
  snuggly within another bone.
• Ex. Shoulder and Hip

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Joints of the Body

• Hinge Joint Movement at joint in one direction
  like a door.
• Ex. Knee and Elbow

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Joints of the Body

• Pivot Joint Bone resting atop another bone
  permitting free movement.
• Ex. Neck, Wrist and Ankles

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Joints of the Body

• Fixed Immovable Joint does not move
• Ex. Skull
• Gliding Joint Bones slipping over other bones
  with a free flowing movement.
• Ex. Knuckles

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Types of Joints (articulations)

1. Synarthrotic (not moveable, aka sutures)
2. Amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable, vertebrae)
3. Diarthrotic (moveable joint, aka synovial joints)

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Synovial fluid - fluid within the joints that
helps to lubricate Types of Joints 1.  Ball and
Socket 2.  Hinge 3.  Pivot 4.  Saddle
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The Connectors of the Body

• Ligaments Connect bone to bone

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The Connectors of the Body!!

• Tendon Attaches muscles to bones

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The Connectors of the Body

• Cartilage It acts as a cushion between bones at
  a joint and protects the bones.

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Problems of the Skeletal System

• Fracture Break

• Dislocation Out of joint

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Types of Fractures

• Complete fracture-break involving the entire
  width of the bone

• Incomplete fracture-only a crack in the bone

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Types of Fractures

• Comminuted fracture-bone is broken into several
  pieces

• Open fracture-broken bones is open through the
  skin

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Problems of the Skeletal System

• Sprain Swelling in the joint

• Arthritis Inflamed and stiff joints

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Problems of the Skeletal System!!

• Scoliosis Curvature of the spine

• Osteoporosis Brittle bones

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Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease
which causes joint stiffness and bone deformity
Source http//www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/public/artic
le3233439.ece 
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In a compound fracture, also called an open
fracture, the bone breaks through the skin. It
may then recede back into the wound, so it is no
longer visible through the skin. In a simple
fracture, also called a closed fracture, the bone
breaks but there is no open wound in the skin.
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Greenstick fracture an incomplete fracture in
which the bone is bent. This type of fracture
occurs most often in children.
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Comminuted fracture a fracture in which the bone
fragments into several pieces.
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