Unit Two Skeletal

1
Unit TwoSkeletal Muscular Systems

• Lisa Michelek

2
Locomotion

• The interaction of muscles with the skeleton that
  results in body movement is known as locomotion.
• Locomotion increases the chances for survival of
  an organism by allowing the organism to gather
  food, seek shelter, and escape dangerous
  situations.
• Locomotion also increases the chances for
  survival of a species by enabling members of the
  species to find suitable mates.
• Human locomotion involves the interaction of
  joints and tissues such as bone, cartilage,
  muscles, tendons and ligaments.

3
Bones

• Bone is a type of connective tissue.
• The hardness of the bone is due to the presence
  of calcium and phosphorus minerals.
• Bones make up the major part of the framework of
  the human skeleton and come in many shapes and
  sizes.
• Bones support and protect body organs.
• Bones also provide a place for muscle attachment.

4
Bones

• The bones of your legs and arms are called long
  bones.
• The ends are covered with cartilage and are
  capable of growth.
• Living bones contain living blood, fat, and
  bone cells.
• Red and white blood cells are produced in the
  inner tissue, marrow, of bones.

5
Human Skeleton

• The human skeleton acts as a framework for
  supporting other organs of the body.
• It also protects internal organs and allows body
  movement.
• The human skeleton has 206 bones.
• It is composed of a skull, vertebral column
  (spinal column), breastbone and ribs, and limbs
  (arms and legs).

6
Cartilage

• The fibrous, flexible, elastic connective tissue
  found in the human skeleton is cartilage.
• In the human embryo, the skeleton is made up
  mostly of cartilage.
• By adulthood, most of the cartilage has been
  replaced by bone.
• In the adult, cartilage is found in the nose,
  ears, and trachea, at the ends of ribs and other
  bones and between the vertebrae.

7
Cartilage

• At the ends of bones, cartilage provides
  flexibility.
• Between bones, cartilage provides cushioning.
• In the ears, nose, and trachea, cartilage
  provides flexible, rather than rigid support.

8
Joints

• Bones are connected at places called joints.
• Most joints allow bone movement.
• Ball and socket joints are located at the hip and
  shoulder.
• They permit circular movement.

9
Joints

• Hinge joints are located at the elbows and knees.
• They allow a back and forth movement.
• Hinge joints do not permit as much movement as
  ball and socket joints.

10
Joints

• Pivot joints are found where the skull joins the
  vertebral column and in the forearm where
  twisting action occurs.
• Pivot joints permit a rotating movement.

11
Joints

• The wrist and ankle have gliding joints that
  allow a sliding action.
• Fused joints are not movable and are located in
  the skull.
• Fluids in joints help keep joints cushioned and
  lubricated.

12
Skeletal System Overview

• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vRW46rQKWa-g

13
Muscles

• The human body contains three kinds of muscle
  tissue
• Skeletal muscle
• Smooth muscle
• And cardiac muscle
• Muscles produce body movement by pulling on bones
  when they contract.
• Muscles also produce body heat when they
  contract.
• Muscles can be voluntary or involuntary.

14
Involuntary Muscles

• Involuntary muscles are responsible for
  involuntary body activities such as heart
  contractions and peristalsis.
• You cannot control the actions of involuntary
  muscles.
• Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are examples of
  involuntary muscles.

15
Involuntary Muscles

• Smooth muscle is found in the walls of arteries
  and organs of the body.
• Contraction of smooth muscle is controlled by
  the nervous system.
• Cardiac muscle, found inthe walls of the heart,
  causes the heart to beat.

16
Voluntary Muscles

• Voluntary muscles attach to the skeleton and can
  be controlled for locomotion.
• Skeletal (striated) muscle is a type of
  voluntary muscle.
• Striated muscles are attached to the bones of the
  skeleton.
• The bones and body parts are moved by the
  contraction of these muscles.

17
Muscle Action

• Nerves direct impulses to muscles causing them to
  contract.
• The energy needed for the muscle to contract
  comes from energy stored in chemicals such as
  glycogen.
• Muscle cells will continue to operate even if
  they do not receive sufficient oxygen.
• When the muscle does not receive enough oxygen to
  carry on aerobic respiration, the muscle cells
  change to anaerobic respiration.

18
Muscle Action

• During anaerobic respiration the muscle cells
  produce lactic acid.
• Lactic acid causes muscles to hurt.
• This condition is known as muscle fatigue.
• Rest after exercise supplies oxygen to fatigued
  muscle cells.
• During this rest-recovery period, the lactic acid
  is removed and energy-storing compounds are built
  up again.
• If a person does not rest after muscle fatigue,
  permanent injury to the muscle can occur.

19
Tendons and Ligaments

• Tendons and ligaments are both composed of
  connective tissue.
• Tendons are bands of dense tissue that connect
  muscles to bones.
• Ligaments are tough bands of tissue that hold
  bones together at joints.

20
Muscular System Overview

• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vjqy0i1KXUO4

21
Muscle-Bone Disorders

• Fractures are broken bones.
• Fractures are caused by a sudden injury that
  exerts more force on the bone than it can
  support.
• The common symptom of a fracture is swelling and
  tenderness at the place of the fracture.
• Pain is often severe and is usually made worse by
  any movement of the area.
• Anyone suffering a suspected or known fracture
  should be taken to a hospital.

22
Muscle-Bone Disorders

• Sprains
• A tearing or stretching of the ligaments that
  hold together the bone end in a joint is called a
  sprain.
• Sprains are caused by a sudden pull or twist.
• Because a sprain and a fracture have similar
  symptoms, the sprain should be x-rayed to be sure
  that it is not a fracture.

23
Muscle-Bone Disorders

• Hernias
• In a hernia an organ or tissue sticks out through
  a weak area in the muscle or other tissue that
  usually contains it such as the abdominal wall.
• The cause is usually a weakness in the wall.
• The first symptom is a bulge in the wall.

24
Muscle-Bone Disorders

• Arthritis
• An inflammation of the joints is called
  arthritis.
• Arthritis causes stiffness, swelling, soreness,
  or pain.
• Sometimes the joints stiffen in a deformed
  position.
• Cortisone and other medications are used on the
  treatment of arthritis.

25
Muscle-Bone Disorders

• Tendonitis
• is an inflammation of a tendon, usually at the
  bone junction.
• Usually pain is felt in the wrist or ankle after
  extensive use such as running or even using a
  computer.

26
Muscle-Bone Disorders

• Tennis Elbow
• -overuse of arm (usually dominant)
• -caused by abrupt or subtle injury of the
• muscle and tendon on outside of elbow
• -also called lateral epicondylitis
• -causes burning/stinging pain which
• radiates down the arm
• -cortisone injections and specific exercise
• usually relieve symptoms

27
Other Muscle-Bone Disorders
Scoliosis
Osteoporosis
28
Other Muscle-Bone Disorders

• http//www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/oste
  oporosis/basics/definition/con-20019924
• http//www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scol
  iosis/basics/definition/con-20030140