Other Reformations

1
Other Reformations
2
Switzerland

• Rugged geography conducive to decentralized
  politics
• Main export mercenaries
• Thirteen cantons in a loose federation

3
Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531)

• Zurich preacher with humanist background
• Reached conclusions similar to Luthers
  independently
• Began preaching directly from N.T.
• 1524 Zurich magistrates abolish Mass

4
Marburg Colloquy (1529)

• Efforts to unite Lutherans and Zwinglians
• Impasse over the Eucharist
• Luther consubstantiation
• Zwingli purely symbolic
• Attempt at unity failed

5
Swiss Politics

• During the 1520s, a majority of the cantons
  became Protestant
• 10/1531 fighting breaks out Zwingli killed in
  battle
• Peace of Kappel (11/20/1531) each canton
  chooses religion Catholic minorities tolerated
• Heinrich Bullinger (1504-1575) succeeded Zwingli
  as Protestant leader

6
Anabaptists

• Conrad Grebel (1498-1526)
• Zurich citizen
• Rejected civil authority in religious affairs
  (1523)
• Rejected infant baptism (1525)
• Strong antinomian streak
• 1526 Zurich makes rebaptism capital crime
• Opponents linked them with Peasant Revolt

7
Anabaptists

• Schleitheim Statement (1527)
• Baptism for repentant adults (not for remission)
• No communion for unbaptized
• Baptized to separate themselves from evil world
• No arms-bearing or oath-taking
• Munster Incident Jan of Leiden (1534-1536)
• Menno Simons (1496-1561) and pacifism

8
Persecution of Anabaptists
9
John Calvin (1509-1564)

• Frenchman with legal and humanistic training
• Became a Protestant in early 1530s
• Fled France, wound up in Basel
• 1536 Institutes of the Christian Religion

10
John Calvin (1509-1564)

• Theology
• Sovereignty of God
• Spiritual presence in Eucharist
• Obedience to Gods law, individually and socially
• Doctrine of the lesser magistrates

11
Calvin in Geneva

• 1536 Calvin is asked to help reform
• Pushed for church oversight and discipline of
  flock
• Church works with State to reform
• Michael Servetus Case (1553)

12
Spread of Calvinism

• Theodore Beza (1516-1605) and the Genevan Academy
• French Huguenots
• John Knox (1505-1572) and Scotland
• The Netherlands
• American colonies

13
England Henry VIII (1509-1547)

• Catherine of Aragon vs. Anne Boleyn
• Consequences of Reformation
• Marital succession
• Wolsey out, Cromwell in
• Head of the church
• Dissolution of the Monasteries

14
Edward VI (1547-1553)

• Regency government
• Calvinized the Church of England
• New English liturgy Book of Common Prayer
• Died at age 15

15
Bloody Mary (1553-1558)

• Restoration of Romanism
• Persecution of Protestants fires of Smithfield
• Marriage to Philip II

16
Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

• Virgin Queen
• Act of Uniformity
• Book of Common Prayer
• Thirty-Nine Articles
• Catholics, Puritans and the via media
• Excommunication by pope, assassination attempts

17
The Catholic Reformation

• New mysticism
• Saint Teresa of Avila, (1515-1582)
• Religious orders (Capuchins, Theatines,
  Ursulines)
• Society of Jesus, 1540
• Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)
• The Spiritual Exercises
• Absolute obedience
• Francis Xavier (1506-1552)

18
Catholics and Protestants in Europe in 1560
19
Revived Papacy

• Pope Paul III, 1534-1549
• Reform commission
• Recognized the Jesuits
• Council of Trent
• Pope Paul IV, 1555-1559
• Inquisition
• Council of Trent, 1545-1563
• Doctrinal issues
• Division between moderates and conservatives
• Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings
• Theological seminaries