Africa, India, and the New British Empire 1750-1870

1
Africa, India, and the New British
Empire1750-1870

• Chapter 24

2
Changes and Exchanges in Africa
3
New Africa States

• Zulu kingdom (Southern Africa)
• created by Shaka in 1818
• militaristic
• lethal weaponry
• allowed the Zulu people to fight for grazing and
  farming lands during a period of drought

4

• Shaka (r. 1818-1828)
• Expanded the kingdom
• Raided neighbors
• Took their cattle
• Took their women and children
• Left many displaced refugees
• Created a national identity
• Grouped young people into regiments
• Learned Zulu customs and military techniques

5

• The neighbors
• created their own states
• Swaziland
• To the north of the Zulu
• Lesotho
• In the highest mountains of southern Africa
• both still exist

6

• Sokoto Caliphate of West Africa (1809-1906)
• 1770s Muslims wanted religious reform
• Muslim jihad (holy war) to take over rural
  pagan lands in the savannas of West Africa

7

• Islamic law was enforced
• Hausa (now northern Nigeria)
• Largest of the new reform movements
• rulers were charged with being unbelievers
  because of polytheistic rituals
• The region was taken by Muslim armies
• Caliph reigned from Sokoto
• Was the largest state in west Africa
• Quranic schools

8

• Sold some non-Muslim captives into the Atlantic
  and sub-Saharan slave trade others were heavily
  taxed
• Lots of slaves in the Sokoto caliphate allowed
  free women to remain secluded in the home

9
Modernization in Egypt and Ethiopia

• Egypt
• Muhammad Ali (1769-1849)
• Successor to Napoleons rule
• Built military strength to avoid another
  European invasion
• Increased agricultural production
• Created a modern administration and army
• Set up state school system and a military college

10

• To pay the bills
• Required peasants to grow cotton
• Modernized Egypt
• Combined western technology with Islamic
  religious traditions
• Population had doubled
• Trade with Europe up by 600
• Textiles, paper, weapons, military uniforms

11

• Ismail (r. 1863-1879)
• Alis grandson
• Made Egypt European
• My country is no longer in Africa, it is in
  Europe
• Exports doubled in the first decade of his rule
• due to U.S. Civil War
• New irrigation canals, railroads, postal service,
  and capital city in Cairo
• The country goes into debt
• After the Civil War ends
• Became partially occupied by Britain and France

12

• Ethiopia
• Christian region that had been broken apart by
  Muslim invaders
• Region reunited when King Menelik inherited the
  throne in 1889
• Strong armies
• Bought European weapons beginning in the 1840s
• Domestic weapon manufacturing with the help of
  Protestant missionaries

13
European Penetration

• France and Algeria (in northern Africa)
• Algeria had helped Napoleon defeat Egypt in the
  past by providing grain
• Fr. failed to repay the debt

14

• Fr. tried to invade in 1830 to increase the
  popularity of the French government with an easy
  overseas victory
• Army of 100,000
• Destroyed farm animals, crops, and villages
• Killed people by the tens of thousands
• Exiled the Muslim resistance leader in Algeria
• 1871 130,000 Europeans living in Algeria

15

• European exploration
• private individuals exploring Africa
• exploring rivers and jungles
• assessing its mineral wealth
• David Livingstone (1813-1873)
• Scottish missionary and doctor
• Scouting out locations for Christian Missions in
  southern and central Africa
• Named Victoria Falls

16

• Henry Morton Stanley (1841-1904)
• Publicity stunt to find the lost Livingstone
• Usually did not face hostility

17
Abolition and Legitimate Trade

• Trade between Africa and other Atlantic
  continents increased after exploration
• doubled between 1730 and 1780
• doubled again by 1870
• before 1870 mostly slaves
• after 1870 vegetable oils, gold, ivory, and
  other goods

18

• Atlantic Slave trade
• Coming to an end
• Slave revolt in Saint Domingue, 1790s
• Led to more slave revolts
• Humanitarians and religious leaders pushed to end
  slavery
• 1808- Great Britain and the United States made
  importing slaves from Africa illegal for their
  citizens.

19

• British became abolitionists
• Naval patrol to enforce the ban
• Spent 60 million to end the slave trade (as much
  as they ever profited from it)
• Liberated 160,000 slaves
• Drove prices up which encouraged some African
  rulers to continue to sell slaves
• Trans-Atlantic slave trade ended in 1867

20

• legitimate trade
• Africans still wanted access to European goods
• Exports other than slaves
• Gold exports doubled
• Palm oil, for making soap and candles
• African traders bought slaves to support the palm
  oil industry

21

• Great Britain took over Sierra Leone in 1808
• Over 130,000 people were liberated from slavery
  and settled in Sierra Leone
• Christian missionaries helped the recaptives
• Many converted to Christianity
• The Republic of Liberia was formed in 1821
• Freed slaves from America returned to Africa
• Brought western culture, especially after the
  emancipation of slaves in the U.S. in 1865

22
Secondary Empires in Eastern Africa

• British block the slave trade on the west coast
• slave traders moved to the east coast
• 2/3 of these slaves went to North Africa or the
  middle east
• slavery also increased in East Africa to work
  clove plantations

23

• Ivory
• also a money making trade item
• men created personal empires from wealth obtained
  from ivory trade
• these empires were secondary to the empire that
  Britain was creating in Africa
• use of western rifles increased supply
• these rifles were also used to kill villagers

24
India Under British Rule
25
Company Men

• Mughal empire weakens
• 1739 Iranian forces sack Delhi
• Indian states claim independence
• Nawabs
• Muslim princes controlled their own states

26

• British, Dutch and French East India Companies
• Set up trade posts and warehouses
• Hired sepoys to protect them
• The British EIC set up a trading post at Calcutta
• Had permission of the nawab
• New nawab had the men imprisoned and some died
• Robert Clive overthrew the nawab
• The Mughal Empire acknowledged Britains EIC
  right to rule Bengal
• Br. held power in Calcutta, Madras and Bombay
• see map on page 634

27
Raj and Rebellion, 1818-1857

• British reign in India
• powerful government
• strong military
• disarm Indian military
• Christian missionaries
• Private property
• Easier for the state to collect taxes
• Westernization, Anglicization, and
  Modernization
• New traditions

28

• Ordinary Indians
• suffered
• lower classes and women were oppressed by new
  taxes and traditions
• manufacturing goes to Britain
• India lost positions as 1 textile producer
• local rebellions

29

• Sepoys
• loyalty is questioned
• Many Sepoys upset that new people of other
  religions are joining there ranks
• sepoys upset when a new rifle is introduced
• had to use their teeth to open ammunition
  cartridges
• dipped in animal fat
• Hindus feel cattle are sacred
• Muslims feel pigs are dirty

30

• May 1857- March 1858 Sepoy Rebellion
• joined by elites and peasants that rallied behind
  the Mughal Empire
• Was the beginning of revolution

31
Political Reform and Industrial Impact

• 1858, end of Mughal Empire
• British control increases
• Indian princes kept their autonomy if they
  pledged allegiance to Queen Victoria
• tradition and reform

32

• British Viceroys
• Lived in elaborate mansions
• Had lots of servants
• To show that they had power
• Held durbars
• strong bureaucracy
• Indian Civil Service
• Mostly British, eventually added some Indians

33

• Br. spends more money
• Grow new crops
• Irrigation
• Agricultural exports
• India imported manufactured goods
• Poverty was everywhere
• India brought in new industrial technology
• Railroads owned by the British, but run by
  Indians
• Cholera epidemics in the late 1800s
• Led to improvements in water works

34
Rising Indian Nationalism

• Idea to unify Indians
• Rammohun Roy
• From Bengal
• Worked for the Br. EIC
• Worked to change Hinduism
• To get rid of caste system
• To get rid of sati
• To get rid of child marriage

35

• Nationalists
• came from the middle class
• Indian National Congress 1885
• wanted more Indians in civil service
• reduction in military costs
• promoted unity

36
Britains Eastern Empire
37
Colonies and Commerce

• 1795-1796, Br. occupied Dutch territories to keep
  them away from the French.
• Afrikaners of South Africa were upset
• some left on the great trek
• created Orange Free State, Transvaal, and Natal
  colonies

38

• The Br. continued on and took French territory in
  the Indian Ocean
• British gained Singapore
• Perfect place for Chinese trade

39
Imperial Policies and Shipping

• Br. gained a lot of colonies
• reluctant, did not want more than they could
  control
• Br. wanted to start free international trade
• trade increased with areas that were not colonies
• better ship technology encouraged this
• clipper ships

40
Colonization of Australia and New Zealand

• Exploration of Australia
• late 1700s
• 650,000 hunting an gathering people
• vulnerable to unfamiliar diseases
• by 1890, the British population outnumbered the
  indigenous population

41

• British settlers
• first colonists
• 763 convicts sent into exile from Britain
• Discovery of gold in 1851
• By 1860, 1 million immigrants
• By 1875, 2 million

42

• New Zealand
• not settled as quickly
• seal skins
• whale hunting
• Government
• British encouraged them to be self governing
• wanted to avoid conflicts like the American
  Revolution
• indigenous people were excluded from govt. and
  voting
• were moved to reservations

43
New Labor Migrations

• 1834-1870
• Indians, Chinese, and Africans
• went to labor overseas
• thousands of Asians after 1870
• linked to the end of slavery
• need cheap labor force to compete with places
  like Cuba and Brazil
• the impoverished people of India and other places
  were recruited
• better ships made labor transport affordable

44

• Contracts of Indenture
• bound people to work for 5-7 years
• in return for free passage
• British Caribbean colonies required 40 women for
  every 100 men
• To promote families