THINKING GLOBALLY, ACTING LOCALLY: 1750 - 1914

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THINKING GLOBALLY, ACTING LOCALLY1750 - 1914

• SNAPSHOTS OF NATIONS IN
• WORLD HISTORY

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INDIA EXTERNAL

• Interactions
• War French Revolution impacts seas, princes,
  ports of India English expand control
• War Numerous colonial wars of conquest revolts
  against European control
• War 1858 Sepoy Rebellion of Muslims, Hindus
  against British rule
• Diplomacy UK gets external control, land,
  rights, Indians get local self-rule, protection,
  prestige
• Diplomacy India becomes a British imperial
  colony, extends rule to neighboring lands
• Trade Export relied particularly on opium, raw
  cotton, indigo dye, cotton textiles, tea, rubber
• Trade British make Indian economy dependent on
  English trade, merchants
• Trade Opening of Suez Canal made India
  economically very important
• State Structure
• 1750 Many princely states vie for leadership
  English East India Company on rise
• 1858 United Kingdom takes over EEIC after Sepoy
  Rebellion, rules India directly
• Cabinet system was introduced civil service
  appointments were regulated
• Army reorganized, recruited increasingly from the
  Punjab and Nepal
• Code of civil procedure (1859), penal code
  (1860), code of criminal procedure (1861), high
  courts (1862)
• Legislative councils were appointed containing a
  small proportion of Indian members
• High caste Indians allowed to hold higher
  positions
• Joint Anglo-Indian rule
• British land revenue-based state, sedentary
  society, guarantees of property rights, and the
  rule of law.

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INDIA INTERNAL

• Social and Gender
• Profound social changes both by British, locals
• English hostile to worst aspects of traditions,
  caste system but rule through elite Muslims,
  Hindus
• Rise of English educated and technical elite
  Indian bureaucracy, civil service largely native
• British abolish sati tried to diminish effects
  of caste system
• Wealthy Indian merchants increasing buy land and
  do not invest in industry, trade
• Elimination of the Thugees, a murderous Kali cult
  by British
• Increasing tensions between Muslim, Hindus Sikhs
  prominent in Indian Army
• British officials accompanied by wives, socially
  and intellectually aloof from Indian subjects.
• Cultural
• Founding of Anglo-Indian colleges, schools of
  higher education
• Rise of Orientalism, a European intellectual
  school favoring Indian studies (Transcendentalists
  )
• Protestant, Catholic missionaries very active in
  India, especially south resented by Muslims,
  Hindus
• Rise of Indian movie industry - later called
  Bollywood, largest in world today
• Technology
• British introduced printing press in 1778
  creating an intellectual revolution
• Printed media especially newspapers expanded in
  19th century
• British developed public works, ports, roads,
  railroads, bridges, irrigation canals, telegraph,
  post
• Indian Great Rail System unites country for first
  time

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THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 1914
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SUDAN

• Interactions
• War Egyptian conquest of the Upper Nile followed
  by British suppression of the Madhis
• War Slaving, cattle raiding by Caucasian Muslims
  of Blacks
• Trade Slaves, ivory down Nile to Egypt later
  suppressed by British
• Diplomacy British intervene in 1896 to prevent
  region from falling into Frances hands
• 1898 Fashoda Crisis - British, French, Belgian
  conflict over control of Upper Nile led to
  British victory
• State Structure
• 1821 Colony under Turko-Egyptian administrators,
  troops, tax collectors, slavers, ivory hunters
• 1880-1898 Madhi centralized state under Wahhabis
  Islamic sect
• 1898-1914 Joint Anglo-Egyptian co-dominion
  overseen by British commissioner, officers
• Social and Gender
• Immigration of Muslim Arabic Egyptians into Sudan
  as administrators, merchant, slave traders
• 1850s Expansion of Muslim slave trade against
  black southerners
• Cultural
• Mahdist jihad against Europeans, impure Muslims,
  missionaries, unfair taxes, in support of slave
  trade
• Mahdism puritanical form of Islam originated in
  region, spread to Arabia
• Southern blacks largely cattle herders, animists
  some Christianity amongst Nubian elite
• Technology
• Technology of Conquest British used modern
  weapons, transport to control Sudan, defeat
  Mahdist state

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FRENCH WEST AFRICA

• Interactions
• War/Diplomacy
• Jihads by Sokoto to spread faith slaving wars
  civil wars and disruptions between Muslim states
• 1885 Conference of Berlin regulated partition of
  Africa, required Europeans to occupy lands they
  claimed
• By 1898 French had reached Lake Chad and Nile
  River Fashoda Crisis nearly led to war with
  England
• Trade
• Industrial capitalism shaped the demand, supply
  of goods and service on a world scale price
  fluctuations
• Export of vegetable oils, cottons
• State Structure
• Militant Muslim forces established Sokoto
  Caliphate, others in early to middle 19th century
• French West Africa
• Established in 1895 to unify diverse, widespread
  French colonial possessions
• Government centralized, direct rule from Paris,
  by French governor all levels of government,
  courts run by French
• All French colonies had to be self-supporting,
  taxable entities little direct French investment
  in colonies
• Forms of resistance migration, tax evasion,
  disobedience, disrespect
• Much less obvious, much more difficult to
  control resistance continued throughout colonial
  period
• Africans turned to Christianity, Western
  education as means of resisting the power of
  colonial rule
• Social and Gender
• Expansion of slavery to interior of Africa
  contributed to agricultural, craft, trading, and
  herding activities social prestige

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FRENCH WEST AFRICA
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NIGERIA

• Interactions
• War 1750-1830 saw slaving wars between African
  states later many civil wars for power
• War 1870-1914 colonial wars of conquest, British
  forced to put down resistance
• Diplomacy British gradually exclude other
  Europeans from Nigerian area
• Trade industrializing countries sought tropical
  commodities (oils, cotton, ivory, indigo, gum)
• Trade increased slavery augmented production of
  goods for regional and international trade
• Exploration the Niger, interior of the continent
• State Structure
• Forest Regions 1750 until conquest -Divine right
  monarchies assisted by elites, councils ruled
  small states
• Sudan/Sahel 1750 until conquest- Muslim jihad,
  reformist purifying movement creates modern,
  model states
• Royal Niger Company instrumental in acquiring
  lands, facilitation British expansion to interior
• British establish two colonies North, South and
  eventually merge both into one colonial entity
• British dominate highest positions including
  military ruled indirectly through local elites
• Educated Africans become government civil
  servants, lawyers, police, teachers under British
  supervision
• Social and Gender
• Before British arrival, slave trade redirected to
  interior and expanded many economic, social
  benefits
• African slavery contributed to patriarchy because
  slave wives had fewer rights than freeborn wives
• Traditional elites remained but undermined by
  European educated elites, Christians, businessmen
• Cultural

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SOUTH AFRICA

• Interactions
• Diplomacy British acquire land from Dutch
  following Napoleonic war
• Wars European border wars with Bantu Anglo-Boer
  War 1899
• Bantu Mfecane caused by Zulus Great Trek Boers
  immigrated into interior to get away from British
• Imperialism gold, diamonds led British to seek
  to control Boer Republics
• State Structure
• Cape Colony, Natal were British settler colonies
  Transvaal, Orange Free State were independent
• Indirect British rule of Africans through chiefs
  1853 British settlers acquire legislature,
  self-rule
• Union of South Africa as a British federal crown
  dominion in 1910 united all states, provinces
• Immigration Act of 1913 restricted rights of
  Indians, led to arrest, rise of Gandhi
• Native Land Act of 1913 restricted African
  landing holding to under 8
• African National Congress founded by blacks in
  1913 South African Nationalist party founded in
  1914
• Social and Gender
• 1795 Slaves outnumbered European colonists
• 19th century saw expulsions of Bantu from lands
  heavy English settler immigration to colonies
• Casted society with misgenation laws, racial
  segregation laws in place
• English Settlers Afrikaaner (Boer) Settlers
  dominate society
• Indian indentured labor in sugar plantations
  mixed populations in Cape Colony, Natal
• African (Bantu) populations relegated to
  homelands, tribal lands

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SOUTH AFRICA
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THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA
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INDOCHINA

• Interactions
• Diplomacy Began century as Chinese tributary
  states, independent princely states
• Diplomacy Negotiations left Thailand as buffer
  and led to annexation of Laos by 1902
• Wars French fought Chinese, Vietnamese, Siam to
  acquire colonies, protectorates 1859 - 1882
• War many peasant/guerrilla insurrection,
  Buddhist rebellions against French influence
• Imperialism British, French rewrote boundaries
  at will with no regard for local history
• State Structure
• Vietnam began as imperial state with Confucian
  bureaucracy modeled after China
• French navy conquer southern area, including
  Cambodia
• Introduced European administration, taxing/fiscal
  systems but left many ruling elites in place
• French monopolies on salt, opium, alcohol, and
  all public facilities
• Social and Gender
• French colonial administrators assisted by French
  trained Vietnamese bureaucrats
• Confucian ruling elites, traditional social
  structures largely left in place but little
  influence
• Cultural
• Conversion of many Vietnamese to Christianity,
  repression by emperor led to French intervention
• French practice policy of cultural assimilation
  of elites allowing them to rule locals
• Migration of Chinese merchants to area especially
  in South, to cities
• Many Vietnamese intellectuals educated in French
  universities

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FRENCH INDOCHINA
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DUTCH EAST INDIES

• Interactions
• War and Diplomacy
• Dutch conquer island interiors following Javanese
  revolt
• Dutch, English redrew political map according to
  their own desires boundaries have lasted until
  current era
• New boundaries connected particular power centers
  within a Dutch colonial state, outside state to
  Netherlands
• Trade
• Export industries increased rapidly until they
  came to dominate the economy
• Capitalist, world-market-driven forces created
  national economic structures
• State Structure
• Dutch created new political framework
• Systematically replaced local rulers, states with
  colonial state Imposed modern bureaucratic
  systems
• Standardization of currency systems, banking
  systems, insurance firms, and all-purpose service
  institutions
• Left many local institutions, elites in place so
  long as they cooperated with Dutch, fulfilled
  their economic quotas
• Sarekat Islam (Islamic Union)
• United different kinds of Indonesian Muslims in
  one mass movement
• Modeled after Indian movements, Chinese
  Revolution and parties
• Social and Gender
• Forced culture system government contracts with
  natives, crop control, and fixed prices
• Private enterprise, land ownership expanded in
  late 19th century population subject to world
  price fluxuations

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DUTCH EAST INDIES
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BRAZIL

• Interactions
• War Home of Portuguese royal family during
  Napoleonic Wars, Uruguay independence
• War Triple Alliance war against Paraguay in
  1870s
• Diplomacy Through negotiations extended borders
  against weaker states
• State Structure
• 1750 Portuguese crown colony, governors
  appointed by Lisbon, landed elite ruled
• 1820-1888 Empire of Brazil, monarchy, social
  structure based on slavery, entrenched regional
  elites
• Centralist vs. liberal argument dominated
  politics many revolts by elites, poor in
  outlying regions
• 1888 Empire abolished over slavery issue,
  federal republic declared, repaid slaveholders
  for slaves
• Heavy influence of military, regional elites,
  wealthy elite in government rebellions, military
  coups
• Social and Gender
• 1750 Plantation casted society with minority
  whites, majority black population slaves, poor
  rural
• Slave Trade, Slavery abolished in 1888 by decree
  of Princess Regent
• 1888 Society with whites, blacks, mixed
  populations remained casted
• Society dominated by the landed, generally white
  elite poor rural blacks were landless
  proletariat
• Middle class began to grow in cities with rise of
  industry, export workers were Italian, immigrant
• Cultural
• Ruling population thoroughly Europeanized blacks
  retained many African traditions
• Catholicism is the only unifying force and it is
  a syncretic blend many traditional African
  beliefs

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PERU

• Interactions
• Trade
• Exploitation of export commodities stiffened
  competition among military strongmen
• Expansion of silver production, wool production
  for export
• 1840s - 1880s rise of export of guano (bird
  dung) as fertilizers for Europe massive state
  revenues
• Copper mines, rubber production begun with
  American finance capital
• War
• Wars of Independence led by Jose de San Martin
  and Simon Bolivar Peru one of last colonies to
  achieve independence
• War of the Pacific with Chile, allied to Bolivia
  to control nitrate, copper rich area of Atacama
  Desert
• Chileans victorious, occupy whole coast of Peru
• During which Chinese rebel, Indians rebel in
  highland military coup leads to civil war
• State Structure
• After independence
• Driven by conflict between rival military
  caudillos
• Constant conflict between liberals (local
  autonomy, reforms), centralists (centralized
  state control)
• 1895 New era of democratically elected rulers
• Modernized administration suppressed worst of
  Indian tributes foreign interests bought up by
  government
• Expansion of educational opportunities
• Social and Gender

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MAP OF PERU
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BRAZIL EMPIRE TO REPUBLIC