The Age of European Hegemony

1
1750-1914

• The Age of European Hegemony

2
The West gains strength

• West now included North America
• Industrial Revolution began ca 1750 in Great
  Britain
• Spread throughout Northern Europe, North America
• Massive coal deposits in Europe, North America
  aided industrialization
• Industrial, communication, transportation
  improvements

3
Reasons for Western Expansion Since 1750

• The Three shuns (only for memory purposes,
  dont use this term in essays!)
• Industrialization wealth, weapons, technology
• Organization nation-state competition, joint
  stock companies (corporations)
• Exploitation the ability of West to dominate and
  exploit other regions for raw materials, markets
  for finished goods

4
Influence of the Enlightenment

• Use of reason, logic rather than reliance on
  emotion, tradition
• Opposition to absolute monarchy, power of the
  Church
• Call for freedom, religious tolerance,
  constitutional government
• Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations, laissez-faire
  capitalism

5
Revolutions of Late 1700s

• American Revolution Enlightenment influence,
  opposition to British mercantile policies
• French Revolution American example,
  Enlightenment influence, opposition by
  bourgeoisie to absolute power of monarchy.

6

• French Revolution moderate, radical, moderate
  phase (typical pattern)
• Moderate period 1789-1792 Constitutional
  monarchy
• Radical period 1793-1794 Reign of Terror
• Second Moderate period 1794-1795 (Thermidorean
  Reaction)

7

• Napoleon Bonaparte in power 1797-1815
• Championed ideals of Revolution, but declared
  himself Emperor
• Conquered much of Europe
• Armies spread Enlightenment ideals, nationalism
  throughout Europe
• Napoleon defeated and exiled 1815

8

• Congress of Vienna 1815 Conservative/Reactionary
  group attempted to end Revolutionary ideals in
  Europe
• Conservative rule lasts until 1848 in most of
  Europe

9

• Conservatives support traditional order, powers
  of the King and Church
• Liberals middle class franchise (vote), civil
  liberties, constitutional governments (most
  Europeans)
• Radicals working class (factories) democratic
  rule, limits or end to private property

10
Utopian Socialism

• Advocated end to private property
• Government ownership of industry, transportation,
  communication
• End to social classes

11
Marxism (Scientific Socialism or Communism)

• Karl Marx The Communist Manifesto, Das Kapital
• History determined by economic forces
• Haves versus Have Nots in constant struggle
• Proletariat (workers) will destroy Bourgeoisie
• Classless society, no religion, no government, no
  classes

12
Nineteenth Century Europe

• 1848 Year of Revolutions brought more liberal
  governments in most countries
• Nationalism led to unrest in Austria, Ottoman
  Empire, Russia, and other multi-national states
• Unification of Italy, Germany
• Industrialization continued, revolutions in
  transportation, communications
• Demands for workers, womens rights
• Artistic, scientific progress

13

• Technological development and nationalist
  pressure led to increased militarism, arms race
• Buildup to World War I
• Western societies in other areas United States,
  Canada, Australia, New Zealand

14
Imperialism

• Influence of Social Darwinism survival of the
  fittest
• Economic need for markets, raw materials
• Nationalist pressure for empire
• Need to provide employment, room for excess
  population
• Laissez-faire capitalism

15
India Under British Rule

• British East India Company controlled Mughal tax
  system
• Company controlled sepoy army (better equipped
  than Mughal forces)
• 1757 Battle of Plassey, beginning of British Raj
  (1757-1947)
• British East India Company controlled India until
  1857

16

• 1857 Sepoy Rebellion
• British government took direct control of India
  after Rebellions end.
• Queen Victoria declared Empress of India
• The Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire
• India forced into dependence on West, industries
  bankrupted

17

• Similar policies followed by other imperialistic
  powers France, Germany, Japan, United States,
  Belgium
• European industrial power, wealth, and weaponry
  allowed imperial dominance machine gun, dum-dum
  bullets
• Battle of Omdurman

18

• Indigenous peoples exploited, killed off Belgian
  Congo, Tasmania, Hawaii
• New Zealand an exception accomodation between
  British, Maoris
• Scramble for Africa late 1800s (quinine made
  Africa safer for Europeans) only Liberia,
  Ethiopia,uncolonized

19
Three Types of Colonies

• White Dominions Little Europes Canada,
  Australia, New Zealand, US. Indigenous peoples
  marginalized, powerless
• Tropical Dependencies Large indigenous
  populations controlled by small European
  population India, most of Africa, S.E. Asia
• Contested Settler Colonies Indigenous population
  equal to or larger than Europeans, struggle for
  control South Africa

20
South Africa and Boer War

• South Africa part of British Empire, Boers
  retreated (Great Trek) to Orange Free State,
  Transvaal, Natal
• Discovery of diamonds by Cecil Rhodes led to
  British expansion into Boer Republics
• Boer War 1900-02 British victory, but
  confidence shaken

21
Latin America in Nineteenth Century

• Spanish and Portuguese colonies influenced by
  Enlightenment, American and French Revolutions
• 1791 Haiti Revolution hope to slaves and
  mestizoes,mulattos, fear to creoles

22
Mexico

• 1810 Father Hidalgo led Revolution of mestizoes,
  slaves, Native Americans. Failure, no creole
  support
• 1821 Creole Revolution gained independence from
  Spain
• Conservative

23
Brazil

• Portuguese colony
• Refuge for Portuguese royal family during
  Napoleonic era
• 1822 son of King of Portugal declared
  independence, became Emperor Pedro I
• Conservative revolution

24
South America

• Liberal revolutions patterned on American
  Revolution
• Simon Bolivar (North) and Jose de San Martin
  (South)
• Democratic governments set up modeled on United
  States. Most overthrown by military rulers
  (caudillos)

25

• US influence on Latin America began with Monroe
  Doctrine 1823
• Mexican-American War 1846-1848 saw loss of
  territory to US
• 1862-1865 French takeover of Mexico (Maximilian
  von Hapsburg) ended after US Civil War.

26
Ottoman Empire

• The Sick Man of Europe
• Wars with Russia, Austria, nationalistic
  pressures in Balkans, European economic
  competition
• Conservative influence of Janissaries
• Tanzimat Reforms 1839-1876 Modernization and
  Westernization, decline continued

27
Muslim World

• European domination
• Muhammad Ali attempted Westernization and
  industrialization in Egypt, failed because of
  British economic pressure.
• Mahdi Revolt (jihad) late 1800s Sub-Saharan
  Africa. Failed because of European military
  power.

28
Qing Dynasty China 1644-1911

• China continued to be wealthiest country until
  end of 1700s
• Height of power under Emperors Kangxi and
  Qianlong
• Early 1800s Corruption of examination system.
  European economic pressure, internal problems
• Opium trade (balance of trade)

29

• Opium War 1839-1842 British weapons and naval
  power defeated Chinese
• Treaty of Nanking guraranteed extraterritoriality
  for British
• Other European nations forced Chinese into
  similar agreements
• Carving up the melon China carved into spheres
  of influence.

30

• Taiping Rebellion early 1860s semi-Christian
  rebellion weakened China
• Self-Strengthening Movement 1870s-1880s Failed
  attempt at westernization
• Boxer Rebellion 1900 last attempt to drive out
  Westerners
• 1911 Revolution, Chinese Republic under Dr. Sun
  Yat-sen

31
Russia in the Nineteenth Century

• 1825 Decembrist Revolt attempt to bring more
  liberal government to Russia, failed
• Reaction under Tsar Nicholas I 1825-1856
• Crimean War 1854-1856 defeat for Russia
• 1856-1881 Reforms under Tsar Alexander II

32

• 1861 Serfdom abolished (same general period as
  elimination of slavery and slave trade)
• Industrialization, construction of railroads
• Absolute monarchy maintained
• Terrorism increased in response to reforms
• Alexander II assassinated, repression under
  Alexander III
• 1905 Revolution forced Nicholas II to grant Duma,
  (legislature with little power)

33
Lenin

• Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) modified Marxism to fit
  Russia, a country with small bourgeoisie, little
  industry, large peasant population
• Marxism-Leninism Revolution will not be a mass
  movement, but led by small, well disciplined
  elites.

34
Japan in the Nineteenth Century

• Tokugawa Shogunate in power since 1600. Dutch
  Studies group studied outside world
• Japanese aware of and concerned by the
  exploitation of China in the 1800s
• 1853. US fleet under Matthew Perry arrived in
  Tokyo Bay, requested resumption of trade.

35

• 1868 Meiji Restoration began Period of rapid
  modernization,industrialization, westernization.
• Zaibatsus established, cooperation between
  government, business (still a factor in Japanese
  economy).
• Constitutional monarchy established using German
  model.

36

• Japanese military carved out sphere of influence
  in China.
• Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 Russia defeated
• In face of rapid modernization, Japanese revived
  traditional religion of Shinto