Unit 5 The Age of Revolution (1750

1
Unit 5 The Age of Revolution
(1750 1914)

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Scientific Revolution1600 1700s

• The spirit of questioning from the Renaissance
  led to the questioning during the Scientific
  Revolution

3
Sir Francis Bacon

• The father of the Scientific Method
• Scientists examined natural laws governing the
  universe.

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The Scientific Method

• 1. Observation
• 2. Hypothesis
• 3. Experimentation to test the hypothesis
• If proven, it becomes scientific law (like the
  Law of Gravity)

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Nicolaus Copernicus

• Challenged the traditional Catholic Church
  teaching of the geocentric theory

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Galileo Galilei

• Italian astronomer who provided evidence
  supporting the heliocentric theory using the
  telescope.

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Sir Isaac Newton

• Used mathematics to prove existence of gravity
  and support heliocentric theory

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Thomas Hobbes

• Wrote Leviathon (1651)
• Argued that absolute monarchy is the best form of
  government since without it, there would be chaos
  and disorder.
• While people give up freedom, they gain a society
  with order.

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The Enlightenment

• It was an 18th century movement among writers and
  intellectuals that applied natural law to
  politics and government.

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Characteristics of the Enlightenment

• Enlightened Philosophers challenged traditional
  authority
• (ex. The church monarchs).

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Ideas of the Enlightenment

• Democracy, or rule by the people, as an
  alternative to absolutism, which denied people
  their basic natural rights.
• Laissez-faire capitalism, an economic system
  which the government has little control, as an
  alternative to mercantilism, which restricted
  free enterprise.

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John Locke

• Two Treaties of Government.
• All people had natural rights to life, liberty,
  and property.
• The ideas of Locke were used to justify the
  American and French Revolutions.

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John Locke

• The king received his power to rule from the
  people who were entitled to rebel if he did not
  rule in their interest.
• Government by the consent of the people.

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Baron de Montesiquieu

• In Spirit of Laws Montesquieu encouraged the
  separation of government into three branches
• Judicial
• Legislative
• Executive

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Voltaire-Free Speech

• Authored Letters on the English.
• Favored the idea of a limited monarch.
• I may disapprove of what you say, but I will
  defend to the death your right to say it.

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Jean Jacques Rosseau

• The Social Contract favored government based on
  the general will of the people.
• Man is born free, and everywhere is in chains.

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Adam Smith

• Authored The Wealth of Nations.-Rejected the idea
  of govt control over the economy.
• Laissez-faire capitalism
• Supply/demand would regulate economy.

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Results of the Enlightenment

• The Enlightenment inspired revolutions in
• America (1775)
• France (1789)
• Latin America (1800)

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Results of the Enlightenment

• This lead to a change in the basic relationship
  between people and their government,

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The writings of the Enlightenment philosophers in
Europe encouraged later political revolution with
their support of

• a)  socialism
• c) the divine right
• monarchies

• b) imperialism
• d) the natural rights of man

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The French Revolution1789
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Louis XVI

• Monarch who reigned from 1774 to 1793.

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Marie Antoinette

• Daughter of Maria Theresa of Austria.
• Her marriage to Louis served to seal an alliance
  between France and the Hapsburgs.

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Social Causes

• The First Estate (clergy) and Second Estates
  (nobles) had rights and privileges denied to the
  Third Estate.
• A rigid class system created inequality.

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Social Causes (continued)

• The rise of the Bourgeoisie
• 1. The wealthy and educated middle class resented
  their status.
• 2. The Bourgeoisie became the leaders of the
  revolution.

Bourgeoisie Peasants Professionals
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Political Causes

• Absolutism - French Kings ruled with absolute
  power.
• The Enlightenment - The Philosophers of the
  Enlightenment promoted democracy and wrote about
  the abuses of French Kings (ex. Lockes ideas on
  natural rights life, liberty and property.
• Lack of power Each estate had only one vote.

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Political causes (contd)

• The success of the Puritan (English Revolution)
  and American Revolutions inspired the French to
  challenge the king.

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Economic Causes

• Taxation - The First and Second Estate did not
  pay taxes.
• Bad Harvests - led to severe food shortages.
• France was bankrupt.

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• A financial crisis forced Louis to call a meeting
  of the Estates General (French Parliament).

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The Third Estate

• The Third Estate demands a more democratic
  National Assembly.
• Louis rejects their demands and locks them out.

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The Tennis Court Oath

• The Third Estate reconvenes on a tennis court.
• The Third Estate vows to stay together until a
  constitution is created.

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The Bastille

• On July 14, 1789 a mob storms and captures the
  Bastille.
• The old regime ends and the French Revolution has
  begun.

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The National Assembly

• The National Assembly is created.
• Temporary Govt.
• Suspends the privileges of the 1st and 2nd
  estates.
• A constitution is written with a limited
  monarchy.

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Declaration of the Rights of Man

• Adopted by National Assembly
• Guaranteed all men were born free and with equal
  rights, liberty, property, and security.

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Life, Liberty, and Fraternity

• became the rallying cry of the French
  Revolution.

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The Flight to Varennes

• On June 20, 1791 Louis and his family attempt to
  flee France.
• Louis was caught and returned to Paris on June
  25, 1791.

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Political Groups

• Girondins were the moderates who supported a
  Limited monarchy.
• Jacobins were the radicals favored a republic.

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The Execution of Louis XVI

• Neighboring countries invade France.
• Believing Louis conspired with the invasion and
  fearing a return to absolutism Louis is executed
  on Jan. 21, 1793.

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Maximilien Robespierre

• Robespierres and the Jacobins controlled France
  during The Terror.
• The Jacobins formed The Committee of Public Safety

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Marie Antoinette

• Marie Antoinette was accused of conspiring with
  Austria to overthrow the revolution.
• She was found guilty of treason and guillotined
  in October 1793.

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The Terror

• The Committee of Public Safety virtually governed
  France for a year.
• During this time anyone suspected of being
  disloyal to the revolution were hunted down,
  tried, and executed.

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The Terror

• In fear for their own lives members of the
  Committee eventually turn against Robespierre and
  he is guillotined in July 1794.

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The Directory1795-1799

• After the death of Robespierre the Jacobins are
  overthrown.
• Moderates again control France.
• Frances new government is called The Directory.

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The Reign Of Napoleon1799-1815
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Napoleon Bonaparte

• Napoleon overthrew The Directory in a Coup detat
  (military overthrow) in 1799

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Rise to Power

• The Revolution had thrown France into chaos and
  disunity.
• The French people supported the absolute rule of
  Napoleon believing it would return the country
  to normalcy.

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Centralized Government

• Napoleon set up an efficient centralized
  government.

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The Napoleonic Code

• Established a code of law that preserved
  revolutionary changes in the legal system.
• Trial by juryEqual treatment before the
  lawReligious freedom

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Nationalism

• Napoleon set up a system of public schools to
  encourage nationalism.

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Napoleons Empire

• Napoleon created a great empire through military
  conquest.
• By 1808 he dominated most of the European
  continent.
• in Europe.

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The Continental System

• Napoleon tried to isolate England by instituting
  the Continental System
• The Continental System forbid any European
  nation from trading with England

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Invasion of Russia (1812)

• Czar Alexander I refused to stop selling grain to
  England violating the Continental system.

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Scorched Earth Policy

• Napoleon invades with 400,000 men.
• As the Russians retreat they destroy all grain
  and livestock.

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As Napoleons starving army retreats from Moscow
the Russian winter takes its toll.
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The Defeat of Napoleon

• Napoleon returned from Russia with 10,000
  soldiers of his Grand Army.

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Napoleon was defeated by a coalition of European
armies at the Battle of Leipzig in
Germany.Influence of geography
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Exile to Elba

• In April 1814 the defeated emperor gave up his
  throne and surrendered.
• Napoleon was exiled to Elba, a tiny island off
  the Italian coast.

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The 100 Days

• Napoleon escaped from Elba and landed on France
  on March 1, 1815.
• On June 18, 1815 Napoleon was defeated at the
  Battle of Waterloo in Belgium.

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St. Helena

• The British shipped Napoleon to St. Helena a
  remote island in the South Atlantic.
• Napoleon died in 1821

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Factors for Napoleons demise

• He overextended himself.
• The supply lines needed to support his massive
  army were too long and vulnerable to attack.
• Did not successfully plan for the Russian winter.

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Results of the French Revolution

• Democratic ideals of Liberty, Equality, and
  Fraternity.
• Nationalism
• Influenced other people to seek democratic
  governments.
• The middle class (bourgeois) gains political
  power

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Results of the Napoleonic Age

• Napoleon was a military genius but millions of
  lives were lost in his wars.
• Of his many achievements only the Napoleonic Code
  and some of his social reforms proved lasting and
  these were not won on a battlefield.

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Influence of Geography

• Remember that this is a classic example of how
  climate has affected the political development of
  Russia.
• Because of the cold Russian winter Napoleon was
  unsuccessful in his invasion of Russia in 1812.

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The Congress of Vienna
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The Congress of Vienna1814-1815

• The Congress of Vienna was a meeting by the
  leaders of Europe after the defeat of Napoleon.

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Klemens von Metternich

• The group was led by Prince Von Metternich of
  Austria.
• The goals of the group were reactionary.

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The Congress of Vienna wanted to return Europe to
pre-revolutionary conditions.
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Balance of Power

• The Congress of Vienna wanted to maintain a
  Balance of Power in Europe.
• The military might of France under Napoleon had
  upset the balance of power.

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Turning Back The Clock

• Monarchs were returned to power in Europe.
  (France)
• Any country that fought against Napoleon would
  receive lost land.

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Turning Back The Clock

• The Congress of Vienna opposed the ideas of
• Life
• Liberty
• Fraternity
• Democracy

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Czarist Russia
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Political Aspects
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Absolutism

• Absolutism - The Czar had complete control over
  the social, political, and economic aspects in
  Russia.

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Social Aspects
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Russification

• Everyone living within the Russian Empire was
  forced to adopt Russian culture.

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Orthodoxy,Autocracy,Nationalism

• The Russian Orthodox Church preached loyalty and
  devotion to the Czar.
• Love of mother Russia.

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Serfdom

• Serfdom continued to exist 350 years after the
  system ended in Western Europe.
• In 1800s 80 of Russias population were serfs.

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Anti-Semitism

• Persecution of the Jews.
• Pogroms - were government sponsored attacks
  against Jewish communities.

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Russian Orthodox Church

• The Russian Orthodox Church was the official
  church of Russia.

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Economic
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Aspects of the Russian Economy

• Russia was still primarily an agricultural
  society.
• 90 of all Russians depended on farming for their
  livelihood.
• Lack of technology
• Extreme taxation

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Military Aspects
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The Crimean War1853-1856

• The war pitted Britain and France against Russia.
• The nations were competing for interests in the
  crumbling Ottoman Empire.

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The Crimean War1853-1856

• The war was a disaster for Russia.
• Russias was defeated on its own soil.
• The war revealed that Russian technology was far
  behind that of Britain and France.

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The Russo-Japanese War1904

• Both Russia and Japan were competing for control
  of Korea.
• Nicholas II declared war on Japan in 1904.
• The Russians were soundly defeated.

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Effects of Czarist Russia

• The weakness of Russias autocratic (czarist)
  government were revealed in its defeat in both
  the Crimean and Russo-Japanese wars.
• The repressive nature of Russian society would
  lead to the demand for reforms.

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Outside forces influencing Latin American
Independence movements.

• Enlightenment
• American Revolution (1776)
• French Revolution (1789)
• European wars

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Haiti (1804)

• First Latin American colony to win its
  independence.
• Revolt was led by a former slave Toussaint
  Louverture.

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Mexican Independence

• 1810 - Father Hidalgo leads revolt and is
  subsequently executed in 1811.
• 1813 - Father Morelos leads another revolt
  against Spain and is executed in 1815.

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Mexican Independence

• 1821 - Creoles lead last which finally successful
  led by Agustin de Iturbide who begins to rule as
  an emperor.
• 1823 - Iturbide deposed and a republic is
  started.

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Leaders of South American Independence Movements
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Simon Bolivar
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Jose de San Martin
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The Industrial Revolution1750-1914

• The Industrial Revolution began in England in the
  18th century

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The Industrial Revolution

• Was a change from a domestic system (home) and
  hand labor to a factory system with machines
  powered by steam. It began in England in 1750.

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Why England

• England had certain advantages that helped to
  bring about industrialization.

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Natural Resources

• England had an abundance of
• Iron ore
• Coal

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Transportation and Communication

• England had
• Natural harbors
• Good rivers
• Canals
• Railroads
• Coastal trade
• Port towns

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Political Stability

• England had a government interested in making
  money.
• England had abundant capital for investment in
  business.

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Labor Supply

• Urbanization - people moved to the cities from
  rural areas looking for work.
• Cheap labor

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Colonies

• Were sources of cheap raw materials.
• Englands colonies represented a locked market
  for its manufactured goods (customers).

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Inventions and Changes
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Industrial Landscape

• Large steam powered mills began to crowd the
  country side.

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Urban Growth

• Industrial cities grew.
• Urbanization People moved from rural areas to
  the industrial cities to find employment.

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Factory System

• Cottage industry ended.
• Workers were employed in factories began mass
  production.

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The Flying Shuttle

• Invented by John Kay.
• Hand powered
• Increased the speed of weavers.

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The Spinning Jenny

• Invented by John Hargreaves.
• Increased the speed of spinners.
• It could spin between 8-20 threads at once.

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Sir Richard Arkwright

• The father of the Industrial Revolution.
• He developed and perfected several machines for
  preparing and spinning thread.

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The Water Frame

• Invented by Sir Richard Arkwright.
• Patented in 1769.
• It first introduced mechanization into the
  spinning process.

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The Power Loom

• Invented in 1833.
• The Power Loom was the first machine to apply
  power to weaving.

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The Steam Engine

• Invented by James Watt.
• This new source of power allowed many
  applications and the location of factories in
  many different places.

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Puffing Billy

• Was the first British railway locomotive,
  constructed in 1804.

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The Rocket

• Developed by George Stephenson.
• The Rocket set the pattern for future locomotive
  design.

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The steam ship

• The first British steamship was the Comet.
• It was launched in 1812, five years after the
  Clermont was launched in New York by Robert
  Fulton.

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Results of the Industrial Revolution
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Political

• Imperialism
• Nationalism

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Social

• Urbanization
• Exploitation of the work force.
• Child labor

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Economic

• Growth of Capitalism
• Factory system

119
Effects of Industrialization

• Power of the middle class grew
• Urbanization
• Sparked imperialism as countries were looking for
  new markets and raw materials.
• The size and number of cities grew.

120
Effects of Industrialization

• Fewer people worked on farms
• Severe air and water pollution
• Demand increased while prices decreased.
• Demand for capital increased (it was needed for
  industrialization)
• Nations are more INTERDEPENDENT

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Imperialism One country controls another
country or region
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Who were the major imperialistic powers?

• Britain
• France

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British Imperialism Motives

• Raw Materials
• New Markets
• Nationalism - to show that they were indeed a
  world power
• the sun never sets on the British Empire

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British Colonial Rule

• The British always tried to divide the people of
  India so that they would not unite and rise up.
• The Indians learned about parliamentary democracy.

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British Imperialism Effects

• Schools, hospitals, communication and
  transportation systems were built.

126
Motives for Imperialism

• Nationalism - Empires competing for powers.
• Industrial Revolution creating demand for raw
  materials and new markets.
• Religious fervor and feelings of racial
  superiority.

127
Other imperialistic powers include

• Belgium
• Germany
• Italy
• Holland
• Portugal
• Spain

128
Raw Materials From Africa

• Rubber
• Copper
• Gold

129
Raw Materials From India

• Cotton
• Jute

130
Movement

• Citizens from the mother countries were needed to
  run and work in the colonies so people moved to
  the colonies.

131
Cecil Rhodes

• A classic example of an emigrant
• Made a fortune from gold and diamonds in South
  Africa.
• Established the colony of Rhodesia (currently
  called Zimbabwe)

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Social Darwinisn

• Survival of the fittest
• Europeans believed they were the fittest.

133
Rudyard Kipling

• British writer who in 1899 wrote the poem White
  Mans Burden
• This was used to justify imperialism.

134
Forms of Imperialism

• Colony - Imperial power ruled directly (France)
• Protectorate - had its own govt, but policies
  were guided by foreign power. (Britain)
• Sphere of Influence - Imperial power had
  exclusive trading rights.

135
The Unification of Italy1861
136
Causes of Unification

• Italian nationalism rooted in the Roman Empire
  was reawakened by the armies of Napoleon.
• Goals of Italian nationalism were
• Unification
• Democracy

137
Obstacles to Unification

• The Congress of Vienna divided Italy into small
  states.
• Austria wanted continued control over northern
  Italy.
• The Pope was afraid it would lose control over
  the Papal States.

138
The Leaders of Italian Unification
139
Guiseppi Mazzini

• The soul of Italian Unification.
• Inspired unification through writings and
  speeches.
• Formed Young Italy its goals were to establish
  an Italian Republic.

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Count Camillo Cavour

• The brains of unification.
• Prime Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont.
• Orchestrated the plan for unification.
• Formed alliances with France and Prussia.

141
Giuseppe Garabaldi

• The sword of unification.
• Organized an army called the Red Shirts.
• Carried out a successful rebellion in the Kingdom
  of the Two Sicilies in 1860.

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The Process of Unification
143
Cavour and Northern Italy

• Cavour organized the plan to unify Italy.
• Cavour formed alliances with
• France (1859)
• Prussia (1866)

144
Wars of Unification

• 1. Austro-Sardinian War1859
• With French help Italians defeat the Austrians.
• Gain Lombardy
• 2. Austro-Prussian War
• Cavour allies himself with Prussia.
• Gain Venetia.

145
Garabaldi and Southern Italy

• Organized an army called the Red Shirts
• In May of 1960 he invaded Sicily.
• The Red Shirts swept through Sicily and marched
  northward towards Rome.

146
A United Italy

• Garabaldis army met Sardinian troops near Rome
  and almost all of Italy was united.
• In March 1861 a parliament representing most of
  Italy met.

147
King Victor Emmanuel II

• The parliament made King Victor Emmanuel II of
  Sardinia also the king of Italy.
• A limited monarchy
• Rome became the capital of Italy.

148
Unification of Germany
149
Prussian Leadership

• The Congress of Vienna had created the German
  Confederation which consisted of 38 independent
  states.
• Prussia would lead the unification movement.

150
Otto Von Bismarck1815-1898

• The Iron Chancellor
• Bismarck was determined to unify Germany under
  the leadership of Prussia.
• Bismarck would follow a policy of blood and
  iron.

151
The Prussian Army

• Bismarck forced the Reichstag to approve his army
  budget.
• Bismarck created and used a powerful army to
  remove all obstacles to unification

152
German Unity

• This is a French political cartoonist view of the
  ruthless means employed by Bismarck to obtain
  German unity.

153
Austro - Prussian War 1866

• The Seven Weeks War
• Austrian domination of the German States ended.
• The northern German States combined into a
  confederation.

154
The Franco Prussian War1870-1871

• Bismarck provoked France into declaring war.
• EMS dispatch
• The German States fueled by nationalism join
  Prussia in its war with France.

155
Bismarck Dictates Peace Terms

• Franco - Prussian War resulted in a humiliating
  defeat for France.
• France was forced to
• Pay an indemnity of 5 billion gold Francs.
• Support a German army of occupation.

156
Alsace and Lorraine

• France would also surrender the territories of
  Alsace and Lorraine.
• The humiliating defeat and surrender terms would
  lead to the French people wanting revenge
  against Germany.

157
The Unification Of Germany (1871)

• On January 18, 1871 at the Palace of Versailles
  King William I of Prussia was crowned Emperor of
  a united Germany.
• Bismarcks plans to unify Germany complete.

158
Germany Under Bismarck

• Bismarck pursued policies of
• nationalism
• industrialization
• social reform
• the isolation of France through forming alliances
  with Britain and Russia.

159
Social Policies

• Bismarck knew that the loyalty of industrial
  workers was the key to keeping Germany strong.
• Bismarck provided workers with health
  insurance,accident benefits, money at retirement.

160
Kaiser Wilhelm II1859-1941

• Was unwilling to share power and forced Bismarck
  to resign.
• Wilhelms policies allowed France to form
  alliances with England and France .
• Set the stage for WWI

161
Count Helmuth Von Moltke

• Was named chief of the Prussian General Staff in
  1858.
• Von Moltke engineered the military successes
  Bismarck would need to unify Germany.