Review and Discussion

1
Chapter 26

• Review and Discussion

2
What led to the creation of new states in Africa?
Also tell me about kingdom of Zulu?

• New states
• were founded by African leaders in response to
  internal conditions, and not by European or other
  outside pressures.
• Serious droughts created conflict over grazing
  and farming lands
• Shaka Zulu
• Shakas military leadership brought neighboring
  groups under centralized control.
• Built the most powerful and most feared fighters
  in southern Africa
• Succeeded in creating a new national identity as
  well as new kingdom
• The Zulu in turn fostered the creation of other
  statesstates that were formed in opposition to
  the power of the Zulu.

3
What was the nature of European contact with
North Africa between 1800 and 1870?

• Contacts with Europeans varied from peaceful
  relations to full-scale invasions.
• Egypt
• Napoleons occupation made Egyptian leaders aware
  of the need to modernize and militarize the
  countrys military and government to meet future
  European threats.
• However, over-reliance on cotton exports and too
  rapid expansion of industry created an Egyptian
  state indebted to and partly controlled by the
  British.
• Algeria
• was initially friendly with France and supplied
  Napoleon with grain for his Egyptian invasion in
  1798.
• French failure to accede to Algerian demands for
  repayment resulted in the French invasion in 1830
  and the occupation of Algeria was completed by
  1848.

4
What led to the end of the Slave trade? How did
West Africans react to the end of the Atlantic
slave trade?

• British and the Americans
• were among the first to prevent their citizens
  from engaging in the importation of slaves
• Slave revolts and humanitarian reforms led to the
  end of the slave trade
• Spanish and Portugal
• continued the flow of Africans to the Americas.
• Africa
• African reaction was gradual, as was the
  suppression of the slave trade itself.
• Suppression began in 1808 and continued until the
  trade finally ended in 1867.
• West Africans
• substituted numerous legitimate exports to
  replace slaves, particularly palm oil (most
  successful export), gold, and ivory.
• also used slaves internally
• slave labor contributed significantly to the
  transport of palm oil. Thus, the end of the slave
  trade led to many changes in West Africa.

5
What was the nature of the secondary empires in
eastern Africa in the nineteenth century?

• Eastern empires
• The effects of the slave trade, agriculture, and
  ivory exports established new East African
  empires.
• They are referred to as secondary empires
  because of their close trading connection to
  existing European empires. Created and controlled
  by Arabs and Africans, these East African empires
  came into being partly as a result of the
  suppression of the West African slave trade.
• Eastern slave trade
• Reacting to British pressure, slave traders moved
  around the Cape of Good Hope into eastern Africa.
  Although twice as many African slaves were sold
  through the well-established North African and
  Middle Eastern trade than exported to the
  Americas, the numbers were still substantial.
• Slavery within eastern Africa also remained
  significant, with 700,000 slaves working on clove
  plantations. Those agricultural plantations and
  the ivory trade resulted in the establishment of
  new and strengthened African states.

6
After the establishment of the British East India
Company (EIC) in 1600, it took Great Britain over
250 years to gain complete control of India.
Explain how Britain extended its control there.

• The British struggle for power in India had
  several phases.
• Britain needed to defeat the Dutch and French
  interests and to overcome Indian and Mughal
  resistance.
• EIC
• used hired Indian troops, sepoys, to establish
  its power
• It secured Indian territory region by region,
  either by forming alliances with Indian rulers or
  by asserting direct control with military force.
• Indian tax revenues and company profits combined
  to finance EIC efforts.
• By 1818, the EIC controlled a large Indian empire
  
• Transformed the economy by exporting agricultural
  production and decreasing industrial output
• The British supported and created new customs and
  traditions, which were meant to maintain the
  social and political hierarchies and thus
  consolidated British power.
• Aftermath of the 1857 Sepoy uprising
• Britain had complete control, confirmed by Queen
  Victorias proclamation in 1858.

7
Why is the rebellion of 1857-1858 a turning point
in the history of modern India.

• Government
• Formed a centralized government and national
  consciousness, Mughal and EIC rule ended and a
  British governor-general took control.
• Indians were promised equal protection under the
  law.
• The elite Indian Civil Service (mostly educated
  British administrators) controlled government
  administration and the judiciary.
• Economic growth
• Indians enjoyed the economic growth that
  accompanied tremendous improvements in
  transportation and infrastructure.
• The British government invested heavily in the
  upgrading of harbors, waterways, and roads it
  also felled forests to expand agriculture.
• Steamboats, telegraphs, and railroads expanded at
  rapid rates, and the economy boomed.
• Drawbacks
• Some Indian craft workers lost their jobs in the
  face of rising British imports, and the new
  centralized government was dominated by British
  interests.

8
Describe the changes that took place between 1750
and 1850 in the British Overseas Empire? Why was
Australia and New Zealand different from other
overseas empire?

• Technological advances and economic changes
• in ships and shipping, together with the rise of
  free trade and the decline of mercantilism,
  altered the British Empire in fundamental ways.
• Goal
• This new empire building was focused on
  dominating trade and promoting trade overseas.
• British Cape Colony in southern Africa served as
  a base for long-distance trade to India.
• Australia and New Zealand
• were different from Britains African and Indian
  colonies in that they were intended as areas of
  European settlement.
• resembled the former British colonies in North
  America (Exp Displacing the indigenous people)
• As settler colonies, Australia and New Zealand
  were allowed more political freedom and
  independence than colonies in Africa or India. In
  granting Australia and New Zealand more autonomy,
  Britain hoped to retain the loyalty of these
  settlers.

9
After the freeing of their slaves , how did
British and other plantation colonies fill their
needs for labor? Where did the laborers come
from?

• Need for labor
• After emancipation, plantation colonies continued
  to need new laborers.
• Many emancipated workers refused to return to the
  plantations.
• Indentured servants
• Many Africans, Chinese, Indians, and Pacific
  Islanders were recruited and signed contracts
  ranging from five to seven years as indentured
  laborers.
• They came in the hopes of bettering their
  economic and social status
• Some Africans who were recruited for work on
  plantations had been rescued from slave ships by
  the Royal Navys antislavery squadrons.
• Most indentured laborers came from Indiaa
  British colonyand were sent to British colonies
  and those of other nations around the world.
• Crucial to the movement of such large numbers of
  workers was the development of larger and faster
  ships.