GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

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GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

• Unit VIA
• AP United States History

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American Industrial Expansion

• With the completion of Manifest Destiny
  throughout continental U.S., the nation
  encompassed near-perfect elements for massive
  industrialization and economic expansion
• Economic Resources
• Land
• Abundance and discovery of vast deposits of coal,
  iron ore, copper, timber, oil, gold, silver,
  agricultural
• Labor
• Cheap wages, immigration, population growth
• Capital
• Industrial capitalism and finance capitalism
• Federal subsidies and land sales
• Second Industrial Revolution and technological
  innovation
• Entrepreneurial Ability
• Captains of Industry/Robber Barons

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Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons

• Using four business entrepreneurs as case studies
  for American innovation, industrial growth, and
  expansion of capitalism.
• Cornelius Vanderbilt
• Andrew Carnegie
• John D. Rockefeller
• J.P. Morgan

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Captains of Industry OR Robber BaronsCornelius
Vanderbilt and Railroads

• Acquired his wealth in steamships and expanded
  into railroads in 1860s
• Revamped northeast railroads through
  consolidation and standardization
• New York Central Railroad
• Regional railway system from New York to Chicago
• Replaced and built lines with standard gauges
• Implementation of steel
• Stronger to carry heavier loads
• Safer due to no corrosion
• Vanderbilt University

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Railroads Drive the Economy

• Growth and Influence
• 35,000 miles (1865) to 200,000 miles (1900)
• First Transcontinental Railroad (1869)
• Leland Stanfords Union Pacific and Central
  Pacific meet at Promontory Summit, UT
• Market connections, boomtowns, and jobs
• Federal Government Involvement
• Pacific Railway Acts
• Land grants and government bonds to railroad
  companies
• Requirement of standardized gauges
• By 1871, federal and state governments sold
  300,000,000 acres of land to railroads

• Innovation and Improvement
• Standardized gauges
• Westinghouse air brakes
• Steel
• Time zones

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The Business of Railroads

• Rate Wars
• Competition among railroad companies was fierce
  and intense
• Stronger companies lowered rates to drive out
  weaker companies
• Led to monopolies
• Increased rates dramatically
• Long haul and short haul rates
• Price discrimination favored commercial farmers
  over small farmers
• Stock watering/watered stock
• Inflated stocks led to higher consumer rates
• Pools
• Competing lines fixed prices and divided business
  for max profits
• Grange Lines
• Midwest farmers dependent on rail lines for
  shipping
• High freight rates impoverished farmers

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Commercial Farming

• Agriculture became commercialized on cash crops
  for national and international markets
• Influx of Eastern capital and investment
• From subsistence to market/stores
• Pushed out local/small farmers
• Competition, deflated currency, and
  overproduction lowered prices while input costs
  increased
• Middle Men
• Farmers lost massive share of profits to managers
  of their sales
• Grain elevator and railroad companies charged
  expensive rents and transportation costs

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The Farmers Organize

• Fueled by the Granger Movement
• Granger laws
• Munn v. Illinois (1877)
• States could regulate private companies if they
  served the public interest, I.e. grain elevators,
  railroads
• Wabash, St. Louis Pacific Railway Co. v.
  Illinois (1886)
• States could not regulate interstate commerce
• Interstate Commerce Act (1886)
• Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
• Enforce fair railway rates, prohibit
  discriminatory practices by railroads
• National Alliance and the Ocala Platform (1890)
• Unity against corporations and monopolies
• Favored direct election of Senators, lower
  tariffs, graduated income tax, federal banking
  system
• Evolves into Peoples Party (Populists) and Omaha
  Platform (1892)

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Captains of Industry OR Robber BaronsAndrew
Carnegie and Steel

• Managed Pennsylvania Railroad and invested in
  various industries
• Steel
• Bessemer Process
• Vertical Integration
• Urbanization and Cities
• Labor Unions and Strikes

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Bessemer Process

• Oxidation of iron ore to remove impurities
• Steel is lighter, stronger, rust-resistant
• Carnegie and Steel
• Adopted and adapted Bessemer Process to steel
  plants
• Increased supply of quality steel dropped steel
  prices
• Abundance of steel significantly impacted
  American industrial growth and expansion

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Steel Production
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Vertical Integration

• Carnegie acquired all aspects of steel production
• Limited competition, maximized profits, lowered
  prices

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Steel and Cities

• Buildings
• Skyscrapers
• Steel beams
• Infrastructure
• Railroads
• Bridges
• Brooklyn Bridge
• Urban Innovation
• Mass Transit
• Elevated rails
• Subways
• Elevators
• Central steam-heating systems

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Home Insurance Building Chicago 1885
Flatiron Building/Fuller Building New York 1902
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Gilded Age Urbanization

• Urbanization
• Population increasingly moving to cities
• Mechanization of agriculture
• Economic opportunities with increased
  industrialization
• Increased infrastructure
• Streetcars, bridges, subways
• Skyscrapers, elevators, radiators
• City Layouts
• Business centers
• Older sections
• Immigration and minorities
• Suburbs
• Middle and upper class moved outside of cities to
  escape urbanization
• Urban reform developments

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Urban Problems

• Overcrowding
• Tenement Living
• Pollution
• Crime
• Sanitation/Water Treatment
• Disease

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Urban and Social Reforms

• Municipal services
• Social Gospel
• Apply Christian values toward social problems and
  issues
• Josiah Strong, Walter Rauschenbusch, Richard T.
  Ely
• Settlement Houses
• Jane Addams and Hull House
• YMCA
• Salvation Army
• Social Criticism
• Jacob Riis - How the Other Half Lives (1889)
• Henry George - Progress and Poverty (1879)

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Working Conditions

• Typical 12 hour days, 6 days a week
• Conditions
• Poor ventilation and heavy equipment
• In 1882, average of 675 workers killed each week
• Injured fired
• No benefits, such as vacation days, sick leave,
  health insurance, workers compensation, pensions
• Women
• Earned half of what men earned in comparable or
  same jobs
• Child Labor
• As young as 5 years old
• 12-14 hours for .27 (6.65)

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Unions vs. Management

• Industrialization, mass production, use of
  semiskilled workers devalued labor
• Poor and dangerous working conditions,
  immigrants, and meager salaries upset workforce
• Organized labor to appeal for better conditions,
  higher salaries, benefits
• Union Methods political action and efficacy,
  strikes, picketing, boycotts, slowdowns

• Industrialization, mass production, use of
  semiskilled workers increased profits
• Poor and dangerous working conditions,
  immigrants, and meager salaries increasing
  profits and satisfied management
• Developed image of unions and organized labor as
  un-American, socialist, anarchist
• Management Methods lockouts, scabs, blacklists,
  yellow-dog contracts, government/private force,
  court injunctions

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National Labor Union (NLU)

• Founded in 1866 as the first national labor union
• Platform
• 8-hour workday
• Monetary reform, cooperatives
• Racial and gender equality
• Impact
• 8-hour workday for federal employees
• Decline
• Panic of 1873
• Knights of Labor

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Great Railroad Strike of 1877

• July 14-September 4, 1877
• Causes
• Panic of 1873
• Class conflict with wage cuts and unemployment
• Events
• Strikers forced rail stoppages
• Federal troops engaged strikers
• Riots and massacres
• Impact
• Would lead to better organization of workers and
  labor unions
• Legislation to limit unions and preparations for
  potential conflicts

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Knights of Labor

• Founded in 1869
• Terence V. Powderley
• Claimed over a million workers by 1880s
• Platform
• Open to blacks, women, most immigrants,
  Catholics, unskilled and semi-skilled workers
• Cooperatives and anti-trusts
• 8-hour workday, child labor laws
• Preferred arbitration over strikes
• Decline
• Haymarket Bombing
• AFL

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Haymarket Riot of 1886

• May Day (May 1st)
• Strike begins of harvesting workers
• May 3rd
• Police sent to protect strikers
• Fight broke out and one person killed and several
  injured
• May 4th Protest
• Anarchists planned demonstration against police
  brutality
• Police dispersed crowd of 2,000
• Bombing
• A pipe bomb exploded and killed 7 police officers
• Police fired into crowd killing 4
• Trial
• 8 innocent anarchists convicted of murder in a
  show trial
• 4 hanged, 1 committed suicide, 3 pardoned by
  governor

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American Federation of Labor (AFL)

• Founded in 1886 as an organization of national
  craft unions of skilled workers
• Samuel Gompers
• Bread and Butter Unionism
• Higher wages
• Shorter working hours
• Better working conditions
• Tactics
• Used arbitration and strikes
• Avoided political radicalism and extremism

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Homestead Strike

• June 30-July 6, 1892
• Henry Frick
• Manager of Carnegie Steel
• Pursued wage cuts due to lower steel prices
• Attempted to weaken steel workers union
• Events
• Frick orders a lockout and hires scabs
• Use of Pinkertons to disperse strikers
• State militia broke the strike and took over the
  plant
• Impact
• Weakened steel workers union
• Tarnished Carnegies reputation

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Pullman Strike (1894)

• Pullman Palace Car Company
• Established model town for workers
• In response to Panic of 1893, wages cut but not
  rents and town costs
• Eugene V. Debs
• Led strike with American Railway Union
• Strike
• Workers blocked transport of Pullman cars
• Pullman Co. linked them to mail cars
• President Grover Cleveland deployed federal
  troops and court injunctions to enforce postal
  service
• Opinion
• Most Americans opposed the strike
• Included AFL and Samuel Gompers
• In Re Debs (1895)
• Supreme Court ruled federal court injunctions to
  enforce interstate commerce constitutional

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Captains of Industry OR Robber BaronsJohn D.
Rockefeller and Oil

• Horizontal Integration
• Standard Oil
• Trusts and monopolies
• Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890)
• Gilded Age Society
• Social Darwinism
• Gospel of Wealth

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Standard Oil

• Rockefeller established Standard Oil in 1870
• Uses for Oil
• Kerosene lamps
• Fuel for railroads
• Used vertical integration to control oil industry
  then horizontal integration to control oil market
• Eventually controlled 95 of oil refining

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Horizontal Integration
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Robber Barons and Trusts

• Tactics of Standard Oil
• Lowered prices to drive out competitors
• Threatened companies to sell to Standard Oil
  (buyouts)
• Bribed railroads to buy Standard Oil fuel
  (rebates, kickbacks)
• Bribed Congress members
• Standard Oil Trust
• Stockholders shares traded for trust
  certificates
• Board of Trustees controlled and administered
  companies as a whole
• Shareholders earned dividends based on overall
  profits
• Monopolies
• Controls prices
• Limits competition
• Pressure on other services to provide discounts
  and rebates

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Bosses of the Senate
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Antitrust Movement

• Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
• Prohibits any contract, combination, in the form
  of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint
  of trade or commerce
• United States v. E.C. Knight Co. (1895)
• Sugar refining monopoly tested Sherman Antitrust
  Act
• Regulation applied to commerce and not
  manufacturing

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Scientific ManagementTaylorism

• Frederick W. Taylor
• Scientific management used to match labor with
  production demand
• Designed hierarchies
• Subdivisions of labor
• Time management
• Effects
• Managerial class
• Efficiency
• Increased factory production
• Lowered labor costs

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Gilded Age Socioeconomics

• Socioeconomic gap extensively widened
• By 1890s, 10 of Americans controlled 90 of the
  nations wealth
• Standard of living for upper class and middle
  class improved dramatically
• Poor working class suffered in urban centers
• 2/3 of population were wage earners
• Expansion of middle class/white-collar workers
• Due to growth of managers/administrators/experts
  in businesses
• Iron law of wages
• Supply and demand determined wages, not the
  consideration of workers welfare

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Gilded Age Women

• 20 of American women worked as wage earners
• Most single women 5 married
• Low-income families required women in workplace
• Female-based Jobs
• Typical home-associated industries textiles,
  foods, domestic servants
• New types of jobs secretaries, bookkeepers,
  typists, communication operators
• Women and feminized jobs considered low status
  and low salaries
• Gibson Girl
• Iconic image of women as independent, stylish,
  and working
• Led to women to seek new types of jobs

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Womens Suffrage

• National American Woman Suffrage Association
  (NAWSA) (1890)
• Merger of NWSA and AWSA
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
• Gave way to leadership of Carrie Chapman Catt
• Western States
• Wyoming granted full suffrage in 1869

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Gilded Age Families

• Stronger nuclear families
• Birth rates and family size rates decreased
• Children as economic liability in urban areas
• Divorce rates increased
• 1 in 12 by 1900

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Immigration

• Population
• 16.2 million immigrants between 1850-1900
• 8.8 million during 1901-1910
• Pushes
• Mechanization removing jobs, esp. in rural areas
• Overpopulation
• Persecution
• Pulls
• Political and economic freedoms and opportunities
• Old Immigrants
• Northern and Western Europe
• New Immigrants
• Southern and Eastern Europe Asia
• Catholics, Jews

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Immigrant Issues

• Sociopolitical Enemies
• Nativists
• Josiah Strong - Our Country
• Legislation
• Page Act of 1875
• Forbade forced labor Asians, prostitutes,
  convicts
• Immigration Acts of 1882, 1891
• 0.50 tax
• Forbid convicts, lunatics, idiots, diseased,
  disabled
• Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
• Chinese immigration ban for 10 years
• Chinese prevented from becoming citizens
• United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898)
• All people born in U.S. are citizens
• Political Machines
• Employment, housing, social services for votes
• Ethnic Neighborhoods
• Little Italy
• Chinatown

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Ellis Island
Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled
masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched
refuse of your teeming shore Emma Lazarus -
The New Colossus, 1883
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Laissez-Faire and Social Darwinism

• Laissez-Faire Economics
• Economy driven by the invisible hand of market
  forces (supply and demand)
• Government should refrain from regulation or
  interference
• Social Darwinism
• Herbert Spencer
• Survival of the fittest
• Wealth a result of hard work and brilliance
• Poor and unfortunate were lazy
• William Graham Sumner
• Absolute freedom to struggle, succeed, or fail
• State intervention is futile
• Gospel of Wealth
• Andrew Carnegie
• Guardians of the nations wealth
• All revenue generated beyond your own needs
  should be used for the good of the community.

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Horatio Alger Myth

• Rags to riches stories
• Young American men, through hard work and virtue,
  will succeed
• Also used a supporting wealthy philanthropic
  character
• Seemingly propaganda of the American Dream under
  free enterprise and capitalism

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Captains of Industry OR Robber BaronsJ.P.
Morgan and Electricity

• Banking and Financing
• Science and Innovation
• Corporations
• Consumerism
• American Culture

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Morganization

• J.P. Morgan and Co.
• Financial capital and investment
• Directly and indirectly pursued inventions and
  innovations
• Mergers and Consolidations
• Railroad industry
• Interlocking directorates
• Corporate board of directors sitting on boards of
  multiple corporations

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Electricity

• Thomas Edison
• The Wizard of Menlo Park
• Incandescent light bulb
• Safer than kerosene lamps
• New York City
• Direct current (DC)
• Edison developed system of power stations
• Nicola Tesla
• Alternate current (AC)
• Transfer of electricity faster and farther

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Gilded Age Innovation

• Sewing Machine (1855)
• Isaac Singer
• Transatlantic cable (1866)
• Cyrus Field
• Dynamite (1866)
• Alfred Nobel
• Typewriter (1867)
• Christopher Scholes
• Air brakes (1868)
• George Westinghouse
• Mail-order catalog (1872)
• A.M. Ward
• Blue jeans (1873)
• Levi Strauss
• Barbed wire (1873)
• Joseph Glidden
• Telephone (1876)
• Alexander Graham Bell
• Phonograph (1877)

• Universal stock ticker (1885)
• Thomas Edison
• Transformer (1885)
• Nikola Tesla
• Gasoline automobile (1885)
• Karl F. Benz
• Skyscraper (1885)
• William Le Baron Jenney
• Film roll and Kodak camera (1889)
• George Eastman
• Motion picture camera (1891)
• Thomas Edison
• Radio (1895)
• Guglielmo Marconi
• Subway (U.S.) (1895)
• X-ray (1895)
• Wilhelm C. Rontgen
• Powered flight (1903)
• George and Wilbur Wright

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Monumental Innovation

• Charles Alderton
• Experimented with various syrups and flavorings
• Robert Lazenby
• Developed Dr. Pepper by 1885
• Patented and incorporated by 1891
• St. Louis Worlds Fair and Exposition (1904)
• Introduces Dr. Pepper to the world
• Along with hot dogs, hamburgers, and ice cream
  cones

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Number of Patents Issued
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Corporations

• American Telephone and Telegraph Co. (1885)
• J.P. Morgan Co. financed merger of Bell and
  communication companies
• General Electric (1892)
• J.P. Morgan merged Edison General Electric and
  Thomas-Houston Electric Company
• U.S. Steel (1901)
• J.P. Morgan bought Carnegie Steel and merged with
  other steel companies
• Becomes first billion dollar company in world

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Corporate Mergers - 1895-1910
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Consumerism

• Wide variety of mass produced goods led to new
  marketing and sales
• Brand names and logos
• Department stores
• R.H. Macys
• Chain stores
• Woolworths
• Grocery stores
• Mail order catalogs
• Montgomery Ward
• Sears, Roebuck, Co.

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Henry Ford and Model T

• Assembly Line
• Mass production of products through sequential
  assembly
• Worker Treatment
• Paid decent wages
• Provided benefits
• Model T (1908)
• Low-cost product for affordable price

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Gilded Age Religion

• American Christians focused values toward
  consequences of industrialization and
  urbanization
• Social Gospel
• Increases
• Catholics, Jews
• New Christian Sects
• Christian Science
• Spiritual life over material
• Pentecostals
• Baptism in spirit speaking in tongues
• Salvation Army
• Jehovahs Witnesses
• Millenialist

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Temperance and Reform

• Alcohol and vices blamed for urban problems
• Regulating Morality
• Comstock Law (1873)
• Temperance Organizations
• National Prohibition Party (1869)
• Womens Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) (1874)
• Frances E. Willard
• Antisaloon League (1893)
• Carrie Nation
• Hatchetations
• Reform Groups
• Planned parenthood
• Humane societies
• Anti-prostitution

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Gilded Age Academics

• Educational Reforms
• Compulsory Education
• Most states required 8-14 year olds to attend
  schools
• Kindergartens
• Public Education
• Dramatic increase in high schools and adult
  education
• Comprehensive education
• Led to 90 literacy rate
• Colleges and Universities
• Increased through federal legislation and
  philanthropy
• Science
• Darwin and Natural Selection (Evolution)
• Technological Innovation
• Social Sciences
• Scientific method applied to behavioral sciences
• Development of psychology, sociology, political
  science
• William Jamess Principles of Psychology

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Gilded Age Entertainment and Leisure

• Causes
• Urbanization, less working hours, advertisements
• Vaudevilles
• Popularized with family-friendly subjects and
  material
• Saloons
• Amusement Parks
• Coney Island
• Circus
• P.T. Barnum
• Sports
• Spectator
• Baseball, boxing, football, basketball
• Amateur
• Golf, tennis

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Realism and Naturalism

• Realism
• Objective reality
• Depict accurate and true characters and settings
• Absent of emotional embellishment
• Naturalism
• Depiction of objects in natural settings
• Time and place accuracy

Brooklyn Bridge at Night Edward Willis
Redfield 1909
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Gilded Age Art

• Ashcan School
• Depiction of New York City urban life
• George Bellows
• James M. Whistler
• Winslow Homer
• Mary Cassatt

Both Members of This Club George Bellows 1909
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Winslow Homers Breezing Up
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George Bellows New York
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James Whistlers Arrangement in Grey and Black
No. 1 (Whistlers Mother) (1871)
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Mary Cassats The Childs Bath (1893)
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Gilded Age Architecture

• Victorian Influence
• Henry Hobson Richardson
• Louis Sullivan
• Father of Skyscrapers
• form follows function
• Frank Lloyd Wright
• organic architecture
• Foursquare Homes

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Richardsons Trinity Church
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Frank Lloyd Wrights Fallingwater
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Foursquare Home
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Gilded Age Press and Literature

• Press
• Joseph Pulitzers New York World William
  Randolph Hearst
• Sensationalism and scandals
• Magazines
• Editorial style based on investigative journalism
• Forum
• Non-Fiction
• Toward facts, investigations, American expansion
• Helen Hunt Jacksons A Century of Dishonor (1881)
• Alfred Thayer Mahans The Influence of Sea Power
  on History (1890)
• Josiah Strongs Our Country
• Literature
• Authors focused on character development and
  realism over plot
• Lewis Wallace
• Ben-Hur A Tale of Christ
• Mark Twain
• The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
• The Gilded Age A Tale of Today
• Stephen Crane

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Gilded Age Music

• Mainstream Music
• John Philip Sousa The March King
• The Washington Post
• Stars and Stripes Forever
• Semper Fidelis
• Screamers Circus Marches
• Entry of the Gladiators
• Circus Bee
• Popular Music
• Ragtime
• Originated from black communities combining
  African syncopation and classical music
• Scott Joplin
• Maple Leaf Rag
• The Entertainer
• The Blues
• Originated c. 1890 from Deep South based on
  ballads among slaves
• Lyrics mostly soulful and melancholy