Organic Compounds

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Organic Compounds

• Compounds containing
• carbon that
• make up living things

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• Most of a living thing is water (40-92)
• The bulk of the remaining matter is organic
  compounds and contain carbon
• Biologists and organic chemists use structural
  formulas to represent organic compounds

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4 Groups of Organic Compounds

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

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Carbohydrates

• composed of C, H, and O in a 121 ratio (i.e.
  C6H12O6)
• called the sugars
• ring shaped molecules

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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates

• Can be
• monosaccharides
• disaccharides or
• polysaccharides

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• main energy source for all living things (used in
  cell respiration)
• short-term energy storage
• Cellulose makes up plant cell walls
• Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) make up
  fiber in the human digestive system

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• general formula C6H12O6
• Atoms in carbohydrates are used to make other
  compounds in the body
• Glycogen is a carbohydrate made from long chains
  of glucose stored in the liver
• Starch is long chains of carbohydrates made by
  plants

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When carbohydrates are consumed

• Bonds between the larger carbohydrate molecules
  are broken so that simple sugars can be absorbed
  into the bloodstream.
• The bloodstream carries the simple sugars to
  cells throughout the body.
• Once inside the cells, simple sugars are used as
  fuel in the process of cellular respiration,
  releasing energy which is stored as ATP.

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Lipids

• composed of C, H and O (one type contains
  phosphorus)
• formed by bonding glycerol and fatty acids (3
  fatty acids can bond to a glycerol molecule)
• hydrophobic (not soluble in water)

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Examples of Lipids

• wax (covering of plants to prevent evaporation of
  H2O)
• oil (energy storage in plants liquids at room
  temperature)

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Examples of Lipids

• fats (long term energy storage in animals solid
  at room temperature)
• phospholipids (make up cell membranes)

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• When fats are consumed
• Molecules are broken down absorbed into the
  bloodstream.
• The glycerol and fatty acid molecules are carried
  by the blood stream throughout the body.
• Once inside the cell, glycerol and fatty acids
  are stored for later use or used as fuel for
  cellular respiration if there are no
  carbohydrates available.

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Proteins

• composed of C, H, O, N and sometimes S
• there are 20 different types of amino acids that
  bond in long chains
• 12 of the amino acids are made by the human body
  the rest must be consumed in food

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Some Amino Acids

• arginine
• ornithine
• glutamine
• phenylalanine
• valine

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Structure of an amino acid
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Amino Acid Structure
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Proteins are long chains of amino acids
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The amino acids make bonds with each other to
form a globular shape
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Types of Protein

• antibodies
• collagen
• enzymes
• contractile proteins found in muscle
• most hormones (such as insulin)
• transport proteins in membranes
• keratin in hair and nails

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• When proteins are consumed
• Bonds are broken and individual amino acids are
  absorbed into the bloodstream.
• The amino acids are carried by the blood stream
  to cells throughout the body.
• Once inside the cell, they are used as raw
  materials to make all proteins required by the
  organism.

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Nucleic Acids

• deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• ribonucleic acid (RNA)
• monomers are nucleotides
• contain C, H, O, N, and P
• makes up the genetics of a cell

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Nucleotides
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QUIZ TIME!
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What are the monomers of proteins?

• amino acids
• nucleotides
• glycerol and fatty acids
• monosaccharides

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DNA RNA belong to which group of compounds?

• proteins
• lipids
• nucleic acids
• carbohydrates

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What compounds are made from glycerol and fatty
acids?

• proteins
• lipids
• nucleic acids
• polysaccharides

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Most organic compounds are which type?

• carbohydrates
• lipids
• proteins
• nucleic acids

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