Kalabagh Dam

1
KALABAGH DAM
Irfan Arshad IR Department University of
Sargodha Pakistan
2
Introduction

• Pakistan is already one of the most
  water-stressed countries in the world, a
  situation which is going to degrade into outright
  water scarcity due to high population growth.
• It depends on a single river system hence
  suffering with lack of multiplicity of river
  basins and diversity of water resources.
• Indus Waters have become an increasing bone of
  contention, not only between India and Pakistan,
  but also between the regions/provinces in these
  two countries.
• To meet the rising demand of water and power for
  economic growth, Pakistan urgently needs a series
  of water storage and hydroelectric power
  projects.
• Kalabagh Dam figures out prominently in this
  regard.
• Opposing concerns be resolved at the earliest in
  the larger interest of the country, its people
  and the future generations.

3
Sequence

• History of Water Dispute
• Need of large Dams
• Why Kalabagh Dam?
• Role of Kalabagh Dam
• Apprehensions and Answers
• conclusion

4
1. History of Water Dispute

1. Pre Pakistan
2. Post Pakistan
3. Water Apportionment Accord-1991
4. Indus River System Authority(IRSA)
5. Persistent Dissonance

5

1. Pre Pakistan

1. Provision of irrigation on a controlled year
   around basis in subcontinent started in 1859.
2. The conflict between Sindh and Punjab over water
   apportionment is as old as the 1870s, when Punjab
   started constructing irrigation infrastructure on
   Indus River.
3. There were several accords and agreements
   regarding water apportionment between Sindh and
   Punjab promulgated by the British India
   governments.
4. India Irrigation Commission 1901-1903, was among
   the initial accords for Water of Indus River
   recognizing the need and decreeing Sindh's usage
   of Indus water. issues.

6

1. Punjab was denied right to use Indus River water
   until the completion of Sukkur Barrage Project
   (Cotton Committee-1919). Thal Project by Punjab
   met identical refusals in 1919 and 1925 by the
   then Viceroys, Lord Chelmsford and Lord Raiding
   respectively.
2. Anderson Committee was the first that was
   appointed by the Government of British India
   around 1935 to resolve water sharing problems
   among former states of Bekaneer, Bahawalpur and
   the Punjab, later joined by Khairpur state. Mr.
   Anderson, Chief Engineer UP presented report in
   1935.
3. After restoration of provincial status of Sindh
   in British India, an agreement was reached in
   1945 signed by Chief Engineers of the two
   provinces, whereby the right of Sindh over Indus
   water was held supreme, but it was not ratified
   by the Government of Punjab for lack of
   settlement of financial .

7
b. Post Pakistan

1. Consequent to partition of British India,
   Kashmir, besides its political dimension, being
   the origin of many rivers, also manifested in
   enduring disagreement over sharing of Indus
   waters between India and Pakistan.
2. The origin of issue between the two countries lay
   in division of 'the major tributaries (Ravi, Beas
   and Sutlej rivers) of the Indus between upstream
   and downstream riparians that provided irrigation
   water for the fertile and densely populated
   region of Punjab on both sides of the border.
3. The World Bank played major role by providing
   mediation, support staff, funding and proposals
   for pushing negotiations forward, and was able to
   resolve it after 9 years with the signing of
   Indus Water Treaty (IWT) in September 1960 for
   joint sharing of water in the Indus basin.

8

1. In Pakistan, however, distribution of water
   continued in accordance with the 1945 Formula
   till 1977 when, after construction of Tarbella
   dam, the Federal Government decided to follow
   ad-hoc arrangements for water apportionment
   between provinces.
2. After the dismemberment of One Unit in 1970, the
   Federal Government on the request of the
   provinces appointed different commissions/committe
   es, headed by Supreme Court Judges, one after
   another to examine the problem of
   inter-provincial apportionment of Indus water,
   but the consensus could not develop amongst the
   provinces on Justice Fazle Altar committee and
   Justice Haleem Commission.

9
c. Water Apportionment Accord-1991
It was signed by chief ministers of all four
prov, 1991. It replaced previous agreements to
distribute the Indus River waters among the
provinces and command areas. It established the
water rights among the provinces inces of
Pakistan on 16th March 1991 andratified by the
Council of Common Interest (CCI) on 21st Marchand
protects future water rights, including the
effect of future storages.
10
d. Indus River System Authority (IRSA)

• The regulatory authority for monitoring and
  distribution of the water sources of the Indus
  River.
• CCI held its meeting on 16th September 1991 to
  decide 10-day average system-wise, season-wise
  allocation consented in clause VII of WAA for the
  provinces.
• The ground realities suggest that till 2003
  sharing for availability below accord allocation
  was being done on the basis of average uses for
  five years from 1977-82 (historic uses) rather
  than on the basis of 10 daily statements approved
  by the CCI, which was a clear violation of the
  accord".
• In May 1994, Punjab presented a working before
  the Federal Minister of Water proposing a
  different formula for sharing shortages now known
  as the so called "Historical Use Formula." The
  matter was subsequently referred to the Federal
  Law Division, which duly observed it as violation
  of the 1991 Accord and the Constitution of
  Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The proposed
  provision was regarded by some as a catalyst for
  sowing the seeds of discord on water accord.

11
e. The persistent Dissonance

• In all from 1937 until signing of WAA, there were
  several attempts made but failed except Rau
  Commission. These were -
• Anderson Committee (1935)
• Indus (Rau) Commission (1939)
• Akhtar Hussain Committee (1968)
• Fazal-e-Akbar Committee (1970)
• Anwar-ul-Haq Commission (1981)
• Haleem Committee (1983)

1. In the Indus Waters Accord of 1991, all provinces
   also recognized the need for new storages
   wherever feasible for planned future agricultural
   development.
2. These structural arrangements by and large
   managed the conflicts, but remained far from
   finding their enduring resolution.

12
2. Need of Large Dams

1. Water Shortage
2. Food Security
3. Deteriorating Storage Capacity of Old Dams
4. Flood Prevention
5. Power Generation
6. Modification of Old Irrigation System
7. Aggressive Designs of India

13
WATER DEMAND

• POPULATION 2005 141 million 2025 220
  million
• URBAN POPULATION Currently 35 2025 60
• TOTAL AREA 196 M ACRESCULTIVABLE 77
  MACULTIVATED 54.5 MAREMAINING 22.5 MA
  Needs Add. Water
• To increase the crop yield requires additional
  water.
• Net Crop Water Requirement 2003-4 77.4
  MAF 2010-11 89 MAF 2024-25 114.64 MAF
• Domestic Demand Currently 4.0 MAF 2025
  10.5MAF

14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16
LAND USE IN PAKISTAN
CATEGORY AREA (MA)
GEOGRAPHICAL AREA 196.0
AREA SUITABLE FOR AGRICULTURE 77.1
CULTIVATED AREA (IRRIGATED BARANI) 54.5
AREA UNDER IRRIGATION (BY ALL SOURCES) 44.4
ADDITIONAL AREA THAT CAN BE BROUGHT UNDER IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE 22.5
SOURCE AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS OF PAKISTAN 1998-99 SOURCE AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS OF PAKISTAN 1998-99
INDUS RIVER
DISPUTED TERRITORY
KABUL RIVER
Chenab River
Jhelum River
Ravi River
Indus River
Sutlej River
Sindh 3.6 MA Punjab 4.3 MA NWFP 3.0
MA Baloch. 11.6 MA TOTAL 22.5 MA
LEGEND MOUNTAINS DESERTS AREA
UNDER IRRIGATION AREA THAT CAN BE BROUGHT UNDER
IRRIGATION
ARABIAN SEA
17
RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION (MAF)
RESERVOIR GROSS STORAGE CAPACITY (MAF) GROSS STORAGE CAPACITY (MAF) GROSS STORAGE LOSS GROSS STORAGE LOSS GROSS STORAGE LOSS
RESERVOIR ORIGINAL YEAR 2004 YEAR 2004 (MAF) YEAR 2010 (MAF) YEAR 2025 (MAF)
TARBELA 11.62 (1974) 8.36 (72) 3.26 (28) 3.95 (34) 5.51 (47)
MANGLA 5.88 (1967) 4.64 (78) 1.24 (22) 1.60 (27) 1.97 (34)
CHASHMA 0.87 (1971) 0.48 (55) 0.39 (45) 0.58 (55) 0.50 (57)
TOTAL 18.37 13.48 (73) 4.89 (27) 6.03 (33) 7.98 (43)
18
WATER AVAILABILITY IN PAKISTAN

• AVAILABILITY
• From Western Rivers at RIM Stations 141 MAF
• Above Rim Stations 5 MAF
• TOTAL 146 MAF
• USES
• Above RIM Stations 5 MAF
• Canal Diversion 106 MAF
• TOTAL 111 MAF
• BALANCE AVAILABLE 35 MAF

19
ESCAPAGE BELOW KOTRIHYDROLOGICAL YEAR FROM APRIL
TO MARCH
April 2005 1.6 MAFMay 2005 0.74 MAF 2.34 MAF
Source WRMD WAPDA based on data supplied by
Govt. of Sindh
20
Installed Hydropower Stations in Pakistan
Sr. No. Name of Station Installed capacity (MWs)
1 Tarbela 3478
2 Ghazi Barotha 1450.
3 Mangla 1000.
4 Warsak 240.0
5 Chashma 184.0
6 Rasul 22.0
7 Malakand 19.6
8 Dargai 20.0
9 Nandipur 13.8
10 Shadiwal 13.5
11 Chichoki Malian 13.2
12 K.Garhi Renala 5.1
13 Chitral 1.
14 Satpara 4.86
Total 6464
21
Hydropower Projects in Private Sector
Name of Project Capacity (MW) Tentative Commissioning
New Bong Escape at 84 2010
Rajdhani at Punch (AJK) 132 2011
Matiltan at Swat 84 2012
Malakand III( ) 81 2008
Kotli 100 2011
Gulpur (AJK) 120 2012
Gabral Kalam 101 2012
22
OVERVIEW OF PAKISTAN POWER SECTOR GENERATION
PATTERN
Hydel
Oil
6489 MW
6497 MW
(33)
(34)
Nuclear
452 MW
(2)
Coal
Total 19403 MW
150 MW
(1)
23
PAKISTANS HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL (SUMMARY)
Sr. No. River/ Tributary Power (MW)
1. Indus River 35760
2. Tributaries of Indus (Northern Areas) of NWFP 5558
Sub Total (12) 41318
3. Jhelum River 3143
4, Kunhar River 1250
5. Neelum River its Tributaries 2459
6. Poonch River 397
Sub Total (3456) 7249
7. Swat River its Tributaries 2388
8. Chitral River its Tributaries 2282
Sub Total (78) 4670
9. Schemes below 50 MW on Tributaries 1290
TOTAL TOTAL 54, 527
24
(No Transcript)
25
3. Why We Need Kalabagh Dam

1. Diamer-Bhasha
2. Akhori
3. Munda Dam
4. Kurrum Tangi Dam
5. Kalabagh Dam

26
(No Transcript)
27
(No Transcript)
28
(No Transcript)
29
Munda Dam
30
(No Transcript)
31
Akhori Dam
32
(No Transcript)
33
Kurram Tangi Dam
34
(No Transcript)
35
(No Transcript)
36
(No Transcript)
37
4. Role of Kalabagh Dam

1. Replacing storage lost by sedimentation
2. Providing additional storage
3. Providing effective regulation of Indus
4. Regulation and control of high flood peaks in the
   Indus
5. Generating hydro-power
6. Reducing dependence on imported fuels
7.  Creating employment

38
5. Apprehensions and Answers
39
a. Apprehensions of Khaber Pakhtunkhawa

1. Flooding of Peshawar Valley including Nowshera.
2. Drainages of Mardan, Pabbi and Swabi .
3. Operation of Mardan SCARP end up.
4. Fertile land would be submerged.
5. Displacment of People.

40
APPREHENSION OF NWFP

• 1. flooding of Peshawar Valley including Nowshera
• Backwater effect of Dam lake would end about 10
  miles downstream of Nowshera.
• 2. Area of Mardan, Pabbi and Swabi plains would
  be adversely affected creating water logging and
  salinity.
• Lowest ground levels at Mardan, Pabbi and Swabi
  areas are 970, 960 and 1000 feet above MSL
  respectively, as compared to the maximum
  conservation level of 915 ft for dam, Operation
  pattern of reservoir cannot block the land
  drainage and cause water logging or salinity

41
3. Operation of Mardan SCARP would be adversely
affected. The invert levels of main drains of
Mardan SCARP are higher than reservoir elevation
of 915 feet and the back water level in Kabul
River. These drains would keep on functioning
without any obstruction. 4. Fertile cultivable
land would be submerged. Total cultivable
affected land under the reservoir is only 35,000
acres,(24,500 acres in Punjab 3,000 acres in
NWFP).irrigated land would be only 3,000 acres
(2,900 acres in Punjab and 100 acres in
NWFP). 5. Population Dislocation Total
population to be relocated is 120320 of which
78,170 shall be from Punjab and 42,150 from NWFP.
Resettlement of Affected Population will be
properly compensated
42
b. Apprehensions of Sind

1. No surplus water available to fill dam
2. Sindh will be turned into a desert.
3. High level outlets to divert water
4. Cultivation in riverine (Sailaba) will end.
5. Sea water intrusion
6. Mangrove forests are threatened
7. Fish production and drinking water problems

43
APPREHENSIONS OF SINDH

• (1) No surplus water to fill Kalabagh Dam
  reservoir
• Annual average of 35 MAF escape below Kotri to
  Sea.
• Kalabagh Dam reservoir will be filled up by
  only 6MAF, which will gradually be released to
  the provinces.
• Indus River System Authority (IRSA) has studied
  and confirmed that sufficient water is available
  for further storage
• Surface flow annual 151 MAF

44
(2) Anxiety the project would render Sindh into
desert. Dams dont consume water! These only
store water during flood season and make it
available on crop demand basis After Pakistan
Dam, the canal withdrawals for Sindh would
further increase by about 2.25 MAF. (3) Outlets
would be used to divert water from the reservoir
The project design must not include any
provision for canals. Telemetric system are
working well which are installed at each barrage
and flow control points to monitor discharge in
various canals commands, on real time basis under
the auspices of Indus Water River System
Authority (IRSA) and in all provinces.
45
(4) Cultivation in Sailaba areas would be
effected Flood peaks above 300,000 cusecs
would still be coming after construction of
Pakistan Dam, without detriment to the present
agricultural practices, while large floods would
be effectively controlled. This would, in fact,
be conducive to installation of permanent tube
wells to provide perennial irrigation facility in
rive rain areas. The farmer can have two crops
annually instead of the present one crop. (5)
Sea Water intrusion estuary would accentuate.
Data shows that sea water intrusion, seems to be
at its maximum even now, and it is unlikely to be
aggravated further by Pakistan Dam.
46
Conclusion