Nationalism Lecture 7: Unification and Separatist Nationalism

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NationalismLecture 7 Unification and Separatist
Nationalism

• Prof. Lars-Erik Cederman
• Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH)
• Center for Comparative and International Studies
  (CIS) Seilergraben 49, Room G.2
• lcederman_at_ethz.ch
• http//www.icr.ethz.ch/teaching/nationalism
• Assistant Kimberly Sims, CIS, Room E 3,
  k-sims_at_northwestern.edu

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Nationalisms Three Time- Zones in Europe
State-Framed Nationalism
Unification Nationalism
French Revolution
Separatist Nationalism
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Unification nationalism
Common state?
No Yes
State- formation blocked
Phase I Nation- formation
No
Common nation?
Central Southern Europe -Germany -Italy
Yes
Phase II State- building
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Historical pre-conditions of unification
nationalism

• The era of consciously articulated
• nationalism triggered by the French Revolution
• Early state-formation blocked by outside powers
  and internal fragmentation
• Nation-formation outside state framework
• Late state-building through mix of conquest and
  voluntary merger

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Differences from state-framed nationalism

• cultural meditation
• identities and boundaries deeply contested
• sudden mobilization
• Because of tricky geography and external
• intervention, these areas were dominated
• by small city-states and pre-modern
• principalities under a layer of imperial and
• religious authority

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Risorgimento nationalism

• Reaction to French Revolution and
• Napoleonic wars
• ideational revolution democracy popular
  sovereignty
• direct Napoleonic rule
• French military model
• Vienna 1815 elimination of small geopolitical
  entities

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Which came first? Nation or State?
Common state?
No Yes
Radical constructivism
No
Common nation?
Essentialist theory
Yes
Cultural nation?
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The German Case

• Failed state-formation
• Charlemagne united most of Central and W. Europe
  in 9th c. but then the empire split
• Faced with invasions, the Holy Roman Empire
  developed into a weak dynastic umbrella
  Reichsnation restricted to nobility electing the
  Kaiser

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Why did state-formation fail?

• Reich too vast, terrain too rugged, cultures too
  diverse
• Princes defended their sovereignty
• Confessional split Luther rallies against Rome,
  but no religious unity Peace of Westphalia in
  1648 cements religious patchwork cuius regio,
  eius religio

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Cultural convergence

• Cities blossomed, intellectual and commercial
• communications across regional boundaries
• Gutenberg invents the printing press (Leipzig
  1450)
• Bible translated
• Commercial contracts require standardization
• linguistic community beyond political orders
• Bildungsbürgertum and Aufklärung
• Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) precursor

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Reaction to French Revolution

• Conservative and anti-nationalist (Austria)
• Liberal and nationalist (Germany)
• Johann Gottlieb Fichte Address to the German
  nation in 1807
• Nation-building through politicized organizations
• Democratization against neo-absolutism of Princes
• State-formation in opposition to Kleinstaaterei
• Conservatives prevail at Congress of Vienna
  (1814-15) German Confederation, but considerable
  geopolitical consolidation

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Springtime of the nations!

• Nationalist revolutions reverberate
• throughout Europe
• July 1830 revolution in Paris triggers
  nationalist unrest in Germany and Italy
• Vormärz gradual nationalist mobilization drawing
  on anti-French and anti-Danish feelings
• Revolution of 1848 unrest in France diffuses,
  shaking the Habsburgs

1848 agitation at the Michaelsplatz in Vienna
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The Frankfurt Parliament

• After revolutionary turmoil tears apart
• German Confederation, the Frankfurt
• Parliament convenes in 1848. All parties
• agree that nation-state should be built, but
• boundaries controversial (klein- or
  grossdeutsch?)
• popular sovereignty fails because Princes resist
• Prussia fills vacuum

1848 convention of the Frankfurt Parliament

• gt Failure no unified state, no secure
  democracy, no cohesive nation

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Late state-building

• After Italian unification in 1860 liberal
  momentum builds up, but Bismarck, the Prussian
  Kanzler, hijacks the nationalist issue
  successful wars against Denmark (1864), Austria
  (1866), France (1870-71) gt German Empire 1871

• Instead of liberal nation-state, centralized,
  semi-democratic monarchy led by the Kanzler

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Toward integral nationalism...

• The German nation-state was born in war and
  Prussian militarism became dominant
• While liberal mainstream was bought off, the
  masses remained excluded
• Diversionary tactics rallying against France,
  Britain, and internal enemies (socialists and
  Jews)
• Uncertain Eastern boundary with Slavs

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The Italian case

• Parallels with the German case
• geopolitical fragmentation and foreign domination
• large, pre-modern entities (Catholic Church)
• effect of French Revolution
• unification by leading state (Piedmont)
• gtgtgtintegral nationalism results

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Failed state-building

• Renaissance system of city-states locked into
  balance of power
• Difficult terrain and parochialism
• French and Spanish domination
• Napoleons conquest triggers geopolitical
  reorganization but restoration of Papal and
  Austrian power after 1815

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Growing nationalism

• In 1831, Giuseppe Mazzini founds Giovane Italia
  in Marseilles
• In 1847, the newspaper Il Risorgimento appears
  with Cavour as supporter
• In 1848, riots against Austrian rule in Lombardy
  but Austrians resist
• In 1852, Cavour becomes Prime Minister of
  Piedmont-Sardinia Garibaldi forms the
  Association for the Unification of Italy

Mazzini Garibaldi
Cavour
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State-building

• In 1860, the first Italian Parliament meets in
  Turin, and the One Thousand Red Shirts leave for
  Sicily
• In 1861, Victor Emmanuel becomes king of Italy
  and the Kingdom gets a liberal constitution
• Integral nationalism leads to fascism in the
  1920s

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Europe in 1885 The breakup of the empires begins
Separatist Nationalism
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Europe on the eve of WWI Before the collapse of
the great empires
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Europe in 1925 after the collapse of the empires
Collapse of Czarist Empire
Collapse of Habsburg Empire
Collapse of Ottoman Empire
Colonialism
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What came first? Nation or State?
Common state?
Eastern Europe Ottoman, Habsburg, Russian
Empires
No Yes
Phase I State- formation
No
Common nation?
Phase II Secession collapse
Nation- building blocked
Yes
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Separatist nationalism

• State-formation creates a multi-ethnic empire as
  in state-framed nationalism
• But nation-building is blocked
• Nationalities secede from the empire
• Internal causes sub-state revolts against
  foreign rule (mobilization coordination)
• External causes weak military performance
  compared with more cohesive nation-states

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Hrochs main argument

• When nationalism hits an area, nationalist
  mobilization corresponds to the level of
  modernization.
• The later modernization happens, the less liberal
  and more violent the movement.
• See also Breuilly imperial policies important
  for timing and character of nationalism

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Hrochs phase model

• Phase A. Scholarly inquiry
• Phase B. Politicization
• Phase C. Mass movement
• More complex explanation than Gellners
• Social preconditions depend on more than
  industrialization (e.g. social mobility,
  communications, ideological imports, imperial
  policies)

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Hrochs typology

• Depending on the timing of modernization we
  get
• Type 1. Integrated nationalism B--C--gt
• Czechs, Hungarians, Norwegians
• Type 2. Delayed nationalism B----C--gt
• Croats, Slovenians, Lithuanians, Latvians
• Type 3. Insurrectional nationalism B-C----gt
• Serbs, Greeks, Bulgarians
• Type 4. Disintegrated nationalism ----BC--gt
• Basque, Catalonians, Flemish, Welch

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The Habsburgs

• Multi-ethnic empire headed by Vienna that
  dominated fragmentary but partly autonomous
  ethnic groups and territories through conquest
  and dynastic politics
• Led by Germans, but Hungarians enjoyed special
  status (especially toward the end)

• Feudal absolutist tendencies
• Attempted but failed modernization

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The Ottomans

• Sprawling Turkish dynasty that never tried to
  build national-state (Sick Man of Europe)
• Large degree of cultural autonomy and self-rule
  masses un-mobilized (cf. Gellners agrarian
  phase)

• Millet system tolerant religious system for
  Muslims, Orthodox Christians, Armenians

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A chain reaction of nationalism
French Revolution, Napoleon
Vienna
Imperial policies
Constantinople
Hungary
Czechs
Slovaks
Greeks
Serbs
Croats
Rumanians
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The Magyar case

• Pragmatic Sanction of 1723
• A gt B. Diffusion of ideas esp. from French
  Revolution German nationalism (Herder)
  Szechenyi and Kossuth. April laws.
• B gt C. Viennas oppression. Revolt crushed by
  Vienna Russia in 1849 War with Prussia creates
  Ausgleich (compromise) of 1867 which initiates
  the Dual Monarchy

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The Croat case

• Croatia part of military frontier defending
  against Ottoman Empire (boundary effect!)
• A gt B. The Sabor resists Magyar demands.
  Illyrian linguistic consolidation attempted (Gaj
  and Strossmayer).
• B gt C. Magyar repression esp. after Compromise
  of 1867. Yugoslavism on the rise.

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The Serb case

• Serbia conquered by Ottomans in 1459. Early
  insurrections in 1812 not nationalist. Serbia
  independent in 1878.
• Economically backward and tolerant Ottoman rule
• Nationalist mobilization imported from
  Habsburgs via Voivodina overtakes modernization