Chinas Revolution and Destruction, II

1
Chinas Revolution and Destruction, II

• The Nationalists, the Communists, and Chinas
  Suffering in the first half of the 20th century

2
The Origins of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

• Western influence on Chinese intellectuals
• The attack on Confucian moral value Ba Jins The
  Family annunciated the death of Confucian family
  value
• Feminism M. Sanders visit to China in 1922,
  Ibsens A Dolls House was on stage in 1918
• Guo Muro translated Goethes The Sorrows of
  Werther,
• Cai Yuanpei, a member of the Revolutionary
  Alliance and a student of German philosophy,
  became the President of Beijing University
  (Bei-Da)
• Hu Shi introduced John Deweys pragmatism to
  China as a professor at Bei-Da
• Chen Duxius New Youth Mr. Science Mr.
  Democracy would save China (The Dean of Arts at
  Bei-Da)
• Li Dazhao, the chief librarian at Bei-Da,
  organized a Marxist Research Society

3
The May 4th Incident and the Radicalization of
Intellectuals

• The Paris Conference of 1919 the German
  concessions in Shandong province Qingdao naval
  base were transferred to Japan
• The news caused student protest movement in
  Tienanmen Sq. spreading to major cities joined by
  other people such as working class unions and
  merchants chamber of commerce.
  http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement
  
• Chen Duxiu supported the students, and was
  arrested, and then, forced to move to Shanghai
  where he would found the CCP
• Disillusion of western democracies led to
  embracing communism of the Russian style

4
The Soviet Influence in China

• The Russian Revolution of 1917 was less known in
  China until July 1919
• The Karakhan Announcement giving up unequal
  treaty privileges in China
• Voitinsky of the Comintern came to meet Li Dazhao
  Chen Duxiu in 1920
• July 1921 the 1st congress of the CCP in
  Shanghai, 12 participants representing less than
  100 members
• A Comintern member receiving funding from Moscow

5
The CCP-GMD Coalition, 1923-27

• Lenins policy in colonial semi-colonial
  countries united front with bourgeoisie
• The GMDs difficulties in unifying the country
  no military force of its own
• The Sun-Joffe Declaration (Jan. 1923) Soviet
  military aid Suns commitment to the three new
  policy, unite with the USSR, with the CCP,
  helping workers peasants
• The 1st GMD national congress (Jan. 1924) the
  CCP participated in the GMD, the block within
• The Whampoa (Huangpu) Military Academy with
  Chiang Kai-shek as the president, Zhou Enlai the
  Political Director

6
Anti-warlords pro-unification sentiment, 1924-27

• Suns unification plan brought him to Beijing
  where he died
• Chiang as Suns heir continued the unification
• Provincial governors cooperation resistance
• Chiangs success and failure
• Failed to win the hearts and minds of his
  subordinates
• A mere soldier ?

7
The CCP-GMD Conflict

• Suns death in 1925 the Western Hill group of
  Central Committee members
• The May 30th movement (1925) radicalization of
  mass movement in the cities and countryside
• Chiang took the lead to purge the CCP in the
  Academy (March 1926) and a truce followed
• The Northern Expedition to Shanghai (Chiang) and
  Wuhan (Wang Jingwei)
• The peasants and working class movements further
  radicalized
• The April coup in Shanghai and July split in
  Wuhan, 1927
• The Nanjing Government established and the
  nominal unification achieved (Zhang Xueliangs
  Manchuria came into Chiangs government
  peacefully)

8
Bloody class struggle

• The GMD white terror against the CCP
• The CCP red terror against the GMD class
  enemies
• The lack of the concept of human rights in China

9
The Nanjing Decade 1927-1937

• The military challenges Nanjing faced
• Provincial warlords alliances against Chiang
• Chiangs effort to subdue the warlords by
  military and diplomatic means (1929-32)
• The CCPs rural bases against the GMD, Chiangs
  victory in 1935 forced the CCP onto the long
  march.
• The Xian Incident of 1936 the secret alliance of
  Zhang Xueliang, Yang Hucheng, and the CCP in the
  northwest
• Chiangs policy of domestic pacification first
  and its repercussion in the face of rising
  anti-Japanese sentiments
• Moscows role in it
• The peaceful solution of the Xian incident
  signified the beginning of the second united
  front of the CCP and GMD

10
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11
The Chiang-Song Dynasty

• Song Meiling Wesley graduate, a Shanghai family
  of Methodist
• Song Qingling the widow of Dr. Sun, the VP of
  the PRC
• Song Ziwen GMD Financial Minister

12
The Sino-Japanese Conflict 1937-45

• The first stage, 1937-39,
• Fierce resistance in eastern China
• The rape of Nanjing in early 1938
• Retreat to Chongqing by 1939
• Three parts of China Japan occupied east, the
  CCP controlled the northwest, the GMD controlled
  southwest
• The CCP-GMD conflict increased
• The CCPs guerrilla strategy behind the enemy
  line to preserve and develop the CCP strength
• The GMDs containment policy the New Fourth
  Incident in 1940
• The decline of the GMD resulted from the Japanese
  attacks, lost territory resources, and
  corruption/inefficiency
• The growth of the CCP resulted from the guerrilla
  strategy/mass mobilization in the countryside

13
The Long March the Division of China during
the war

• Yanans location to Xinjiang/Outer Mongolia
• Chiangs effort to block the CCP expansion
• CCP expansion in the Japanese zone in the
  countryside

14
The Pacific War 1941-45

• Washingtons demand of Japans withdrawal from
  China or facing economic embargo oil steel
• Japans decision for war against the
  Anglo-American sphere of influence in SE Asia
  Pearl Harbor, 12/7/1941
• Gen. Stilwell of the China/India theater
  confronted Chiang, advocating military aid to the
  CCP
• Stilwells recall and Gen. Hurleys mission to
  China to mediate the CCP-GMD conflict to no avail
  
• August 1945 2 nuclear bombs in Hiroshima
  Nagasaki Red Armys attack on Manchuria
  Japans surrender
• USSR occupation of Manchuria, North Korea US
  occupation of Japan, South Korea

15
The Beginning of the CCP-GMD Civil War 1945-1947

• The Chongqing Negotiation under Hurley,
• the 10/10 agreement between Mao Chiang, but
  fighting kept on
• The CCPs march into Manchuria, encouraged by
  Moscow
• The US assistance to the GMD to recapture
  Manchuria
• The George Marshall Mission, 12/45-6/46
• US aim in China v. Soviet aim
• The fundamental distrust between the GMD-CCP
• Chiangs miscalculation Maos game plan
• Starting in Manchuria, a full-scale war in 1947

16
The CCPs Victory over the GMD1947-1949

• Chiangs military failure over-stretched
  capability against US advice,
• Maos mobile strategy trade territory for troop
  attrition overwhelming force in one battle
• The GMDs police state and its oppression of
  people,
• Corruption, inefficiency, mismanagement,
• The run-away inflation the 2nd worst after
  Germany in the post-WWI,
• Low morale in the GMD military
• The division between the Whompoa and non-Whompoa
  factions
• The CCPs effort to win the latter factions
  turn-coats by divisions
• Washingtons frustration with Chiang, who was
  forced to step down early in 1949 nominally,
  retreat to Taiwan later that year
• The proclamation of the Peoples Republic of
  China (PRC) in 10/1/49