ERA 6: THE SPREAD OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

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ERA 6 THE SPREAD OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
How did the Industrial Revolution Spread?
Day Three Session 1B Craig Benjamin
What was its impact outside of Europe?
How did it change the balance of power?
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Recap

• Key Changes of the British Industrial Revolution
• The Social Revolution
• Britains social structure became more
  capitalistic
• This encouraged investment and innovation
• The Agricultural Revolution
• Innovation increased in agriculture
• More people could be fed
• More people became wage earners
• The Industrial Revolution
• Then innovation increased in industry,
• attracted by
• Cheap labor
• Cheap capital
• Rising Demand
• Result?
• Production began to rise sharply TAKE-OFF!

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Now? Spread of the Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution spread to other
  countries
• It began to affect other areas of society
• Government and Politics
• Cultural life
• In many areas, its initial effects were more
  destructive than creative

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Pt. 1 4 Waves of Innovation before the 20th
century
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The Spread of Industrialization 1st Wave Late
18th Century
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The 1st Wave Late 18th C.

• Mainly confined to Britain
• Main new technologies
• Coal mining
• Steam engines
• Textile production

www.martinlee.co.uk/ Photo5.htm
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The Spread of Industrialization 2nd 3rd Waves
Early-Mid 19th Century
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The 2nd Wave Early 19th C.

• The Industrial Revolution
• takes off in W. Europe
• and Eastern N. America
• Railways were a crucial prime mover
• They made land communication faster, and cheaper
• They increased demand for iron and coal
• They attracted huge sums of investment capital
• Particularly in large countries like the US and
  Russia, their impact was revolutionary

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Steam revolutionized transportation by land and
sea
Willamette river, Oregon
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The 3rd Wave Mid 19th C.

• Still confined mainly to W. Europe and Eastern
  North America
• Britain challenged by Germany and USA
• New Technologies
• Chemicals (particularly dyes and artificial
  fertilizers)
• Electricity
• Steel making
• New approaches
• Science applied to production (beginning in
  Germany)
• Mass production using interchangeable components
  (mainly US)
• Industrialization of agriculture (mainly US)

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Industrializing Agriculture
The horse drawn thresher greatly increased the
area that could be harvested by a single worker.
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Industrializing War
The productivity of weapons increased. The
Gatling gun, developed during the American
Civil War, increased the number of people who
could be killed by a single operator.
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Bessemer Steel Production
Invented by Henry Bessemer in the UK in the
1850s, and used until the 1950s
www.past-inc.org/ historic-bridges/image-BIBC.html

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Thomas Edisons Light Bulb (1879)
A revolutionary innovation, which, in effect,
lengthened the hours of daylight for the first
time in human history
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Edison and the Phonograph (1870s)
For the first time, people could talk to each
other instantaneously over large distances
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The Spread of Industrialization 4th Wave Late
19th-early 20th Century
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The 4th wave 1st half of 20th C.

• Industrial Revolution spreads to Russia and Japan
• New technologies include
• The Internal Combustion engine
• Airplanes
• New approaches include
• Large corporations combing production and
  marketing (like General Electric)
• Mass production on assembly lines

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The 1st Motorbike
In 1885, Gottlieb Daimler added an internal
engine to a wood frame bicycle to make the
worlds first motorbike
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Internal Combustion Engine
The engine from a 1925 Morris family car
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One of the first assembly lines
Introduced by Henry Ford in 1913 to mass produce
the first cars aimed at a mass market. Each
worker performs just one special task, which
speeds up the process of assembly, in accordance
with the principle of the division of labor
enunciated by the economist, Adam Smith.
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Assembling a Model T Ford
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What rolled off the Ford assembly lines The
Model T
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Orville Wright Flies in 1908
The Wright brothers flew the first
heavier-than-air machine in 1903
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Oil Drilling in Oklahoma 1920s
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Pt. 2 Government, States, and the Modern
Revolution

• The Modern Revolution transformed States as well
  as Economies
• Creating entirely new types of states
• Modern states are
• More powerful
• More complex
• More interventionist
• Than traditional tributary states

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Two Types of State

• Traditional States
• Relied mainly on tributes (resources exacted
  through the threat of force)
• Were primarily violence managers
• Had little interest in the daily lives of their
  subjects
• Were remote from ordinary lives of rural dwellers
• Modern States
• Rely mainly on commercial sources of revenue
• Are primarily economy managers
• Have detailed control over the lives of their
  subjects
• Have a direct effect on the lives of all subjects

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Political Revolution in France

• Political changes first become apparent in
• France during the Revolution. Why?
• The French state was remade during the
  Revolution, and had to adapt to new economic and
  military conditions
• The new scale of warfare was critical
• The Industrial Revolution increased available
  resources
• It increased the scale, destructiveness and cost
  of war
• It forced states to mobilize more people and
  resources than before
• To survive in an industrializing world, states
  needed
• New forms of management
• New forms of political control
• Direct intervention in the life of citizens

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States and Warfare

• The most powerful states had more military might
  than any earlier states
• But mobilizing and equipping modern mass armies
  required
• Getting more information about society and the
  economy
• Finding more revenues to pay for warfare
• Persuading citizens to support their national
  state in war

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The Increasing Scale of Warfare
1815 The Battle of Waterloo, one of the
bloodiest battles in modern times
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The American Civil War the first industrial
war of the modern era
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The Civil war showed how destructive
industrialized warfare could be
By 1865, much of the economy and many of the
cities of the south had been destroyed. Columbia
, S. Carolina was destroyed during General
Shermans March to the Sea.
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Power and Democracy

• To survive the acid test of industrial warfare,
  states needed to mobilize the support of their
  citizens.
• Three crucial ways of mobilizing support
• Democracy more democratic forms of politics gave
  citizens a sense of participation
• Nationalism nationalism, which
• encouraged citizens to support
• their governments
• Services Providing new services
• Law and Order
• Education
• Health care

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States and the Economy

• To protect their own revenues, and
• To maintain the living standards of
• their subjects
• States had to become effective
• managers of the economy!
• Law Order They had to ensure law and order by
  improving policing
• Protecting Entrepreneurs They had to protect the
  rights of banks and companies by introducing
  strong property rights
• Supporting the Economy They had to actively
  support commerce and industry

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Pt. 3 Modern Culture and the Modern Revolution

• Industrial and Political Revolution also
  transformed Cultural life
• Two cultural worlds
• Traditional cultures
• Most people were farmers
• Few people needed education or literacy
• Traditional skills were all you needed
• Modern cultures
• A huge variety of different ways of earning a
  living
• Innovation means that basic skills constantly
  change
• Literacy and education become essential for
  everyone
• Scientific knowledge becomes vital for economic
  survival

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The Basic Changes in Mass Culture

• Urbanization
• More people lived in towns and supported
  themselves from wage labor
• Literacy Education
• Employers needed employees who had basic skills
  in reading and writing
• As they modernized, governments began to
  introduce mass education

www.rootsweb.com/.../ images/PixOldSchools.html
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The Basic Changes in High Culture
www.nasaexplores.com/ show_58_teacher_st.php?i...
www.schmemann.org/photo/ 1983.05.22.lastbaptism/

• Economic success depended more and more on the
  quality of technical knowledge
• Science became a key to economic and political
  success
• Science began to challenge Religion as the
  dominant form of knowledge

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Science and innovation became closely linked
Thomas Edison in his laboratory By the end of
his life, Edison had patents on more than 1,000
inventions, including the light bulb and the
telephone
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Acceleration in the Pace of Collective Learning

• New technologies made sure that knowledge spread
  faster than ever before
• Railways Steamships
• Telegraph
• Newspapers
• Telephone

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Laying Transatlantic Cable Lines
The 1st transatlantic cable was completed in 1866
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Newspapers spread ideas quickly to a mass
readership
1844 Britain was the worlds superpower Newspape
rs and cartoons made international affairs the
subject of popular debate as never before. Here,
the issue was how to settle the border of
Oregon?
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Pt. 4 Creating a Third World

• The impact of the Industrial Revolution began to
  be felt around the world from the mid 19th c.
• Outside the industrialized zone, its impact was
  largely destructive
• Undermining Traditional States Industrialized
  states had the military power to impose their
  will on other parts of the world, from China to
  Africa
• Undermining Traditional Lifeways The efficiency
  of their industry undermined agriculture and
  industry in traditional agrarian civilizations,
  such as India and China

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The Growing Economic Imbalance

• Industrialization rapidly turned the Atlantic hub
  region into the center of the global economy
• This marginalized and weakened traditional
  agrarian empires

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The growing Military Imbalance Industrial powers
imposed their will on the rest of the world
Maxim Gun 1890
Hillarie Belloc Whatever happens, we have
got, the Maxim gun, and they have not
Zulu Warriors 1888
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Even Great Agrarian Empires Felt the Changing
Balance of Power
In 1839, British gunboats bombarded the port of
Canton, forcing the Chinese to permit the sale of
British-imported opium, and to cede the port of
Hong Kong.
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The British entered Chinese markets first as
pushers of opium
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In India, Queen Victoria Replaced the Moghul
Emperors
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Undermining Traditional Lifeways

• In India
• CompetitionBritish industrial goods undercut
  local industries and forced many craft workers
  into unemployment
• FaminesLand shortage, the building of railways,
  and the commercialization of agriculture, forced
  more and more peasants to market their crops,
  sometimes even in times of shortage, which led to
  devastating famines

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Like English peasants, Indian peasants felt the
pressure of market forces
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Creation Destruction!

• Like all major transitions, the Modern
  Revolution
• Created much that was new
• Destroyed traditional lifeways, and caused
  immense suffering as it did so
• By 1900, the world was divided into two worlds
• Regions that had undergone the Modern Revolution
• Regions that had not
• This is a critical theme that runs through the
  rest of the HSCEs the role of the Industrial
  Revolution in the creation of two worlds!