SOL

1
SOLs in this unit

• WHI.2 The student will demonstrate knowledge of
  early development of humankind from the
  Paleolithic Era to the agricultural revolution by
  
• Explaining the impact of geographic environment
  on hunter-gatherer societies
• Listing characteristics of hunter-gatherer
  societies including their use of tools and fire
• Describing technological and social advancements
  that gave rise to stable communities
• Explaining how archaeological discoveries are
  changing present-day knowledge of early peoples.

2
Instructions

• Anything in red (STOP and pay close attention) is
  critical information and should be copied
  exactly.
• Anything written in yellow (slow down and pay
  attention) is useful information. You should
  write it in your notes like a text message.
• Anything in green (go on to the next point) you
  do not have to write.
• Any time you see a video with no text it is your
  responsibility to write notes for it.

3
What can we learn from Ogg?

• Paleolithic Era
• Paleoold
• Lithicstone
• Old Stone Age
• Simple stone tools
• Axes, knives, clubs
• Fire
• Hunter/gatherers
• Nomads

4
Lessons from Ogg

• Mesolithic Era
• Meso middle
• Middle Stone Age
• Early metal tools
• Hunting tools (spears, bow/arrow)
• Water-faring
• Semi-nomadic
• Small-scale farming.

5
Lessons from Ogg

• Neolithic Era
• Neo New
• New Stone Age
• More metal tools, advanced stone tools
• Larger settlements
• Domestication of animals
• Large-scale agriculture and storage of food
• Pottery and weaving.

6
Lessons from Ogg

• Bronze Age
• Copper and Bronze working
• Farming tools, metal weapons
• Large-scale building
• Division of labor.

7
Notes Quiz 1

1. What does Paleolithic mean?
2. What is a nomad?
3. During which era did small scale farming begin?
4. When did man start domesticating animals?
5. What two metals make bronze?

8
Economics

• Simple barter in all of the eras
• Barter trade
• Trade a chicken for some grain
• Led to the use of pack animals and the caravan.

9
Government

• Clans and villages
• Rule by the best hunters and fighters.

10
Geography

• Located in river valleys and areas where game is
  available.

11
The Fertile Crescent

• What are the river boundaries of the Fertile
  Crescent?
• Nile,
• Euphrates, and
• Tigris
• Mesopotamia
• Meso means?

12
The Fertile Crescent

• Sumer
• Region by the Persian Gulf
• Silt made it fertile
• Built canals and dams to control floods
• Using technology to control geography
• Led to the creation of city-states
• Geography influences government
• City of Ur.

13
The Fertile Crescent

• Priests as leaders
• Worship forces of nature
• Polytheism
• Worship of many gods
• Try to appease the gods
• Temples
• Technology influences religion
• Hierarchy
• Where one group is subject to another.

14

• So
• How do we find out all of this stuff?
• We have our ways.

15

• Archaeology Study of old things
• We find artifacts
• Artifacts are items from an older civilization
• Include tools, pottery, bones, cloth, and fossils
• But how do we know how old it is?
• We use radio-carbon dating, the fossil record,
  and geological column.

16
Stonehenge

• Neolithic artifact that used stones for some
  purpose
• No one knows for sure what it was used for or who
  built it.

17

• The Leakeys
• Archaeologists and anthropologists in Africa
• Discovered many skeletons near Olduvai Gorge.

18
Lucy

• Johannsen discovered the skeleton Lucy who is
  supposedly about 3.2 million years old and the
  earliest known proto-human.

19
Intersection
With a partner, ask and answer the following
questions Why are we concerned with our
origins? What makes a civilization a
civilization? Where would be a good place to live
if you were going to start a new
civilization? What supplies do you think youd
need to start a new civilization?
20
Ancient Texts

• Mr. Williams,
• You mean they had cell phones back in the day?
• No. Texts refer to writings
• So what were some of the writings that they had?

21
The Epic of Gilgamesh

• Story about death, friendship, the meaning of
  life, and the way the gods treated humans
• Gilgameshs friend dies
• Gilgamesh goes to the underworld to rescue him
• He discovers that since everyone dies, life is
  meaningless
• The gods are cruel since they punish man.

22
Ancient Texts

• Writing was done originally in pictographs
• Hieroglyphs were difficult to produce and very
  time consuming to make

23
Ancient Texts

• Cuneiform evolved from hieroglyphs and were based
  on sounds called phonics.
• Writing created the need for professional scribes
  or writers.

24
Ancient Texts
Hieroglyphics
Demotic
Greek

• Hieroglyphs were not able to be translated until
  the Rosetta Stone was discovered.

25
Indias Civilizations

• Indus River
• Located in India
• The major cities of the Indus River Civilization
  were Harappa in the north and Mohenjo-Daro in the
  south
• The cities were prone to flooding since they were
  built along the Indus River.

26
Indias Civilizations

• Ganges River Civilization
• Also is subject to floods
• Snows in the Himalayas would melt and cause major
  flooding in the spring while the monsoons
  (seasonal, rain-bearing winds) would cause floods
  in the summer and fall
• While these floods left silt, they also destroyed
  crops.

27
Indias Civilizations

• Government
• Kingships were the norm
• Nobles were also present. These men were most
  likely wealthy and advised the king on wars and
  conquest.

28
Indias Civilizations

• India had planned cities built with baked bricks
  and protective walls
• They also had citadels which are fortresses to
  protect city dwellers
• Technology and geography merge as they also used
  natural barriers such as deserts, mountains, and
  rivers as lines of defense.

29
Indias Civilizations

• India had a stratified society (hierarchy)
• Kings, nobles, peasants
• There were no known schools
• The societies were polytheistic
• The civilizations fell, but we dont know when,
  how, or why.

30
Early Chinas Civilizations

• Shang Dynasty
• Settlements were along the Huang He (Yellow)
  River
• Floods and deposited a very rich, yellow silt
  called loess
• Created very fertile farmland for the developing
  civilization
• Because the floods were so destructive and
  violent, cities tended to be fairly small.

31
Early Chinas Civilizations

• The Shang built dams to help control the floods
• There was some early writing, but not many people
  could read or write.

32
Early Chinas Civilizations

• The people of the Shang lived in small, close
  housing. They lived in a communal (sharing),
  clannish (family-based) society
• Religiously, they were polytheistic and
  naturalistic (worship nature). They also created
  icons (religious objects) of pottery for worship.

33
Early South America

• Farming
• River civs develop
• Not much violent flooding
• Tropical areas provided for better growing
  climate
• Small cities along rivers
• No farming tools
• What would that do to populations in these
  civilizations?

34
Think about it!

• What are the main differences between India and
  China
• Geographically?
• Politically?
• Technologically?
• Societies?
• Economically?

35
Review

• 8 main ideas to remember
• Nomads wandered and lived in the Paleo- and
  Mesolithic Eras.
• Agricultural Revolution occurred with the
  Neolithic Era.
• Most civilizations settled near sources of fresh
  water (rivers, lakes, etc.).
• We learn about these times from artifacts left
  behind by early peoples.

36
Review

• 8 main ideas to remember
• We figure out how old items are by radio-carbon
  dating.
• Societies overcame limits of environment by
  domesticating animals and plants.
• Archaeologists help us understand early peoples.
• Metalworking became more important.