INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAPHY

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INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAPHY
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The Pre-industrial World

• Industrial development occurred before the
  Industrial Revolution
• India and China
• European commercial companies

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The Industrial Revolution

• Growing European domestic markets a lacking
  labor force
• Increased transportation and communications
• Steam-power for ocean-going vessels

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The Location Decision

• Secondary industries are less dependent on
  resource location
• Distance decay
• Weber's model the least cost theory
• Minimization of three critical expenses
• Transportation costs
• Labor costs
• Agglomeration

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Factors of Industrial Location

• Market mechanism and relationships between supply
  and demand
• Raw materials
• Transportation costs affect industry location
• Labor
• Cost of labor still looms large in location of
  industry

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Factors of Industrial Location

• Transportation
• Crucial factor
• Infrastructure
• All services offered by an area or city

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Factors of Industrial Location

• Energy
• Other factors
• Clustering
• Political stability
• Taxation policies
• Environmental conditions

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RESOURCE GEOGRAPHY
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Major Industrial Regions

• Only a few countries are major industrial
  economies
• Mapping industrial concentrations bring out
  certain primary industrial regions
• Each consists of one or more core areas

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First-round Industrialization Through World War I

• Beginning global industrial patterns in Europe
• Changed between late 18th early 20th centuries
• Britains colonial empire
• Industrial Revolution spread to the mainland
• Belgium
• Were largely transformed between the
  late-eighteenth and early-twentieth centuries by
  diffusion of the Industrial Revolution

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Paris
German Ruhr
German Saxony
German Silesia
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First-round Industrialization Through World War I

• Manufacturing in North America
• Began in New England
• Began early in New York
• Natural resources
• Developed transportation systems
• Coal reserves widely spread
• Catching up with Europe end of WW I

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Mid-20th Century Industrialization

• Oil and Gas
• US oil gas consumption high per capita
• Dependence on external fuel supplies affects 3 of
  4 world industrial regions
• Largest oil gas reserves?
• Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and Russia

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Mid-20th Century Industrialization

• North America
• Escaped industrial destruction of WW I
• Had a new global political stature
• Highly-developed infrastructure and workforce
• Emerged from Depression with industrial dominance

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Mid-20th Century Industrialization

• Europe
• Rapid post-WW I recovery
• The Rühr became Europes greatest industrial
  complex
• Saxony anchored by Leipzig and Dresden
• Silesia
• World War II destroyed lots of its infrastructure
• Late 1950s rebound
• European colonial empires were disintegrating

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Mid-20th Century Industrialization

• The former Soviet Union
• Ukraine
• Would have probably developed anyway...
• St. Petersburg (Leningrad)
• The Volga began development in mid-1930s
• The Volga post-World War II
• Urals region
• Siberia
• Port of Vladivostok
• New port of Nakhodka

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Mid-20th Century Industrialization

• Eastern Asia
• Japan
• Japans four key industrial districts
• The Kanto Plain
• The Kansai District
• The Kitakyushu District
• The Toyama District

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• China
• Has a substantial resource base
• The Northeast District
• The Northen Industrial District
• Shanghai and the Chang (Yangzi) District
• The Guangdong District

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Mid-20th Century Industrialization

• The larger context
• Industrialization in the Northern Hemisphere
  throughout resource-rich zone
• Industrial concentration was spotty elsewhere
• Northern Hemisphere Industrial Zone
• Other areas have significant resources, but lack
  population technology

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The Late 20th Century and Beyond

• The Four Tigers South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong,
  and Singapore

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The Late 20th Century and Beyond

• Other parts of the Pacific Rim
• Chinas coastal provinces
• East Asia becoming the worlds most productive
  industrial cluster
• Chinas growing economy
• The Three Gorges Dam will change the economic and
  environmental landscape
• Northeast District has become Chinas rustbelt
• Russias Far East is enjoying industrial growth

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The Late 20th Century and Beyond

• Secondary industrial regions
• Only Brazil and Mexico have substantial
  manufacturing industries
• The maquiladora district

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The Late 20th Century and Beyond

• Secondary industrial regions
• The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
• The Free Trade Area of the Americas
• Thoughts?? Implications??
• Industrial development in India

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Discussion Question

• So far, in 21st century, United States reliance
  on foreign energy resources is greater than in
  the 1970s. Why?