Chinas Revolution

1
Chinas Revolution Destruction

• The Nationalists, the Communists, and Chinas
  Suffering in the first half of the 20th century

2
The Road toward the 1911 Revolution

• The constitutional reform, an aborted attempt of
  fundamental reform
• Yan Fus social Darwinism without fundamental
  reform, China would be extinguished as a nation
  and a race-the rising nationalist sentiments
• Kang Youwei Liang Qichao constitutional
  monarchy was the way to save China
• New interpretations of Confucianism with new
  western twists
• Convinced the new emperor Guangxu to issue edicts
  to reform the system, but none implemented
• Cixis coup ended the Hundred Day Reform (June
  11-Sept. 20, 1898)

3
External Crisis Scramble for concessions

• The prediction of Chinas complete
  disintegration western powers preparation for
  carving China like a melon
• Russias gains in Manchuria Port Arthur
• Britains gains in Weihaiwei New Territory of
  Hong Kong
• French gains in Guangzhou Bay
• German gains Shandong Prov. Qingdao
• Japans gains in Fujian Prov.
• Gains usually include territorial leasehold,
  railway rights (10 miles on both sides of the
  truck policed by foreign nations, exclusive
  rights to mining resource, etc.)
• US policy of open door keeping Chinas
  sovereignty and none-discrimination in the market
  place

4
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5
The Boxer Rebellion

• Anti-foreign xenophobia among northern peasants
  court conservatives alike an unlikely alliance
  between Cixi rebels.
• 1900, 2 months siege of the legation district in
  Beijing,
• 8 powers expeditionary forces reach Beijing in
  August 1900, Qing court fled to Xian
• The Boxer Protocol
• 67.5 mil. Pounds indemnity
• Punishment of pro-Boxer officials, the downfall
  of conservatives
• The right to station troops in Beijing the
  Beijing-Tienjin corridor
• Secretary Hays two diplomatic notes open door
  in China

6
The Last Decade of Qing

• Changes took place too late
• The death of Cixi and Emperor Guangxu
• The abolition of civil service exam
• The last reform attempt along the line of the
  failed one-hundred-day reform including
  provincial assemblies,
• A revolution in the making
• Anti-Manchu pro-republic sentiment grew the
  debate between constitutional monarch
  republicanism
• Zhou Rongs Revolutionary Army, Wang Jingweis
  assassination attempt, and anti-Qing uprisings

7
Sun Yat-sen and the Guomindang

• Sun Yat-sen, educated in Hong Kong Hawaii,
  http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat_Sen
• The Revolutionary Alliance (Tongmenghui) in
  Tokyo, the predecessor of Guomindang (GMD), the
  Nationalist Party
• Three-minism (????)nationalism (??)democracy
  (??)peoples livelihood (??)
• Revolutionary agitation organization in China
  to overthrow Qing

8
The 1911 Revolution

• Two leading forces
• The provincial assembly men representing
  gentry-merchant elite
• The officer core of the new army, sons of
  gentry-merchant families
• The railway controversy the Sichuan uprising
• Qings insistence on central control via a
  foreign consortium v. provinces insistence on
  local control via peoples initiative
• Sichuan Assembly declared indipendence
• Qing moved neighboring provinces army into
  Sichuan
• The Wuchang Uprising 10/10/1911, led by the
  revolutionary officers of the new army
• The declaration of independence of the southern
  provinces and the founding of the Republic of
  China (ROC) in 1912 in Nanjing

9
Yuan Shikai the Aftermath of 1911 Revolution

• Yuan Shikai, the Qing army commander, negotiated
  with ROC presidency for the Qing abdication.
  http//www.free-definition.com/YC3BCan-Shihkai.h
  tml
• Sun Yat-sens two conditions for Yuan loyalty to
  the constitution of the French style and Nanjing
  as the capital
• Yuans ambition to be the monarch
• Forced the government to move to Beijing
• Closed the GMD dominated parliament
• Suppressed the southern provinces
• Courting Japans support (the 21 demands)
• Anti-Yuan uprising and Yuans death in 1916

10
Warlordism Civil War, 1916-1924

• The North-South division
• North ROC government controlled by Yuans
  commanders, who were fighting among themselves as
  well
• South the GMD parliamentarians moved to Canton
  to form another ROC, which had no military force
  of its own, thus dependent on the southern
  provincial warlords Sun was driven out by the
  Guangdong warlord and moved to Shanghai
• The warring provinces, alignment and realignment,