Enlightenment and

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Enlightenment and Revolution, 15501789
Chapter Overview
Time Line
The Scientific Revolution
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SECTION
MAP
The Enlightenment in Europe
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SECTION
The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas
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SECTION
GRAPH
American Revolution The Birth of a Republic
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SECTION
Visual Summary
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Enlightenment and Revolution, 15501789
In Europe, scientists question old ideas and use
reason to make discoveries about the natural
world. Philosophers support the use of reason to
reform government, religion, and society.
Enlightenment ideas are used to create a federal
government in the newly created United States.
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Enlightenment and Revolution, 15501789
Time Line
1543 Copernicus publishes heliocentric theory.
1628 William Harvey describes heart function.
1690 John Locke defines natural rights.
1762 Catherine the Great rules Russia.
1609 Galileo observes heavens through telescope.
1687 Newton publishes law of gravity.
1748 Montesquieu describes separation of powers.
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The Scientific Revolution
MAP
Key Idea
The Scientific Revolution begins as scientists
replace old ideas with new theories. New
approaches to science include using observation
and experiments to develop theories. In
astronomy, scientists challenge the
earth-centered model of the universe.
Overview
Assessment
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The Scientific Revolution
MAP
Overview
Scientific Revolution Nicolaus Copernicus
heliocentric theory Johannes Kepler Galileo
Galilei scientific method Francis Bacon
René Descartes Isaac Newton
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
In the mid-1500s, scientists began to question
accepted beliefs and make new theories based on
experimentation.
Scientists questioning led to the development of
the scientific method still in use today.
Assessment
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The Scientific Revolution
MAP
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. Explain the events and circumstances
that led to the Scientific Revolution.
Renaissance discovery of new classical
manuscripts leads scholars to question accepted
knowledge.
Discoveries of Copernicus and other scientists
challenge accepted thinking.
The printing press spreads ideas.
Exploration broadens European horizons.
continued . . .
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The Scientific Revolution
MAP
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Section
Assessment
2. If I have seen farther than others, said
Newton, it is because I have stood on the
shoulders of giants. Who were the giants to whom
Newton was referring? Could this be said of any
scientific accomplishment? Explain.
ANSWER
Giants were Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. Yes,
scientific discoveries give scientists a clearer
understanding of how the world works. New
discoveries lead to further questions for
investigation and more discoveries.
Possible Response
End of Section 1
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The Enlightenment in Europe
Key Idea
Enlightenment philosophers admire scientists use
of reason to understand the natural world. These
philosophers promote the use of reason to
understand government, religion, education, and
economics. They advocate government reform and
social improvement.
Overview
Assessment
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The Enlightenment in Europe
Overview
Enlightenment social contract John Locke
natural rights philosophe Voltaire
Montesquieu separation of powers Jean
Jacques Rousseau Mary Wollstonecraft
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
A revolution in intellectual activity changed
Europeans view of government and society.
Freedoms and some forms of government in many
countries today are a result of Enlightenment
thinking.
Assessment
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The Enlightenment in Europe
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. List the important ideas of Hobbes,
Locke, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Beccaria,
and Wollstonecraft.
Hobbes
Social contract
Locke
Consent of the governed
Voltaire
Tolerance
Montesquieu
Separation of powers
Rousseau
Government by general will
Beccaria
Abolition of torture
Wollstonecraft
Access to education for women
continued . . .
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The Enlightenment in Europe
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Section
Assessment
2. For each of the statements below, identify who
said it and explain what it means. Then say how
each viewpoint reflects Enlightenment ideas.
Power should be a check to power.
Man is born free, and everywhere he is in
chains.
Let women share the rights and she will
emulate the virtues of men.
ANSWER
PowerMontesquieu each branch of government
should limit power of other branches.
ManRousseau civilization corrupted the state
of nature. Let womenWollstonecraft give
women equal rights and they will display mens
goodness.
Possible Responses
continued . . .
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The Enlightenment in Europe
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Section
Assessment
3. Compare the views of Hobbes, Locke, and
Rousseau on government. How do their differing
ideas reflect their understanding of human
behavior? THINK ABOUT
how each philosopher viewed the state of
nature
what each considered the source of a
governments authority
ANSWER
Hobbeshumans are naturally selfish and wicked
governments keep order. Lockehumans are
naturally able to govern themselves favored
self-government. Rousseaupeople are naturally
good society corrupts them power comes from the
general will.
Possible Responses
End of Section 2
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The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas
GRAPH
Key Idea
Enlightenment ideas circulate in pamphlets and
formal discussions. The new ideals of order and
reason are reflected in the arts and music.
European monarchs make limited reforms based on
Enlightenment ideas.
Overview
Assessment
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The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas
GRAPH
Overview
salon baroque neoclassical enlightened
despot Catherine the Great
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Enlightenment ideas spread through the Western
world and profoundly influenced the arts and
government.
An enlightened problem-solving approach to
government and society prevails in modern
civilization today.
Assessment
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The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas
GRAPH
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Section
Assessment
1. Give examples for each of the following topics
related to the spread of Enlightenment (a)
circulation of ideas (b) art and literature and
(c) monarchy.
Salons, Encyclopedia, books, letters, magazines,
pamphlets
Neoclassical art, classical music, novel
Enlightened despots, Frederick the Great, Joseph
II, Catherine the Great
continued . . .
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The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas
GRAPH
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Section
Assessment
2. What advantages do you think salons had over
earlier forms of communication in spreading new
ideas? THINK ABOUT
who hosted the salons and where they were held
who was invited to the salons
church and state influence on publishing and
education
ANSWER
Salons were hosted by wealthy middle-class women,
who had an interest in educating themselves many
great artists and thinkers gathered to share
ideas salons were held in private homes, so
guests could speak freely without the threat of
jail or exile.
Possible Response
End of Section 3
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American Revolution The Birth of a Republic
Key Idea
Colonists resist the laws and taxes imposed by
the British. Colonial leaders use Enlightenment
ideas to justify independence from Britain, and,
after winning the Revolution, create a federal
government.
Overview
Assessment
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American Revolution The Birth of a Republic
Overview
Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson
checks and balances federal system Bill
of Rights
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Enlightenment ideas helped spur the American
colonies to create a new nation.
The revolution created a republic, the United
States of America, that became a model for many
nations of the world.
Assessment
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American Revolution The Birth of a Republic
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Section
Assessment
1. List problems faced by the Americans as
colonists and in shaping their republic. Then,
explain their actions and decisions to solve
those problems.
Navigation Acts
Smuggling
Stamp Act
Boycott
Import tax on tea
Boston Tea Party
Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Constitutional Convention
Distrust of central government
Federal system
continued . . .
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American Revolution The Birth of a Republic
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Section
Assessment
2. How does the opening statement from the
Declaration of Independence reflect enlightened
thinking?
ANSWER
It reflects the supremacy of reason, and shows a
belief in human progress. It also includes the
ideas that humans have natural rights, and that a
government gets its power from the consent of the
governed.
Possible Response
End of Section 4