Macromolecules giant molecules

1

• Macromolecules giant molecules
• Carbohydrates
• Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and
  oxygen.
• Ratio 1C 2H 1O
• Also known as sugars.
• Main source of energy for living things.
• Starches complex molecules used to store extra
  sugars.
• Monosaccharide single sugar.
• Polysaccharide many monosaccharides joined
  together.

2

• Lipids
• Compounds made from Carbon hydrogen.
• Used to store energy provide waterproof
  coverings.
• Categories are fats, oils, and waxes.
• Do not dissolve in water.
• Figure 2-14 page 46

3

• Nucleic Acids
• Compounds containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
  carbon, and phosphorus.
• Made from nucleotides
• 5 carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogenous base
• Adenine
• Cytosine
• Thymine
• Guanine
• Transmits genetic information

4

• Figure 2-15 page 47

5

• Proteins
• Contains nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
• Made up of a long chain of amino acids.
• Figure 2-16 amino acid
• Some control cell processes, form muscle and
  bone, fight disease, and are used for transport.

6

• Positives tests for macromolecules
• Carbohydrates
• Pressure of sugar is known when stained with
  iodine.
• It stains very dark.
• Lipids fats oils
• Presence of lipid is known by leaving a
  translucent spot on a brown paper bag.
• Proteins
• Presence of a protein is known by using biuret
  reagent, turning the solution a purple color.

7

• Cell Components
• History
• Robert Hooke, 1665
• Viewed thinly sliced pieces of cork (plant).
• Saw many little boxes ? small rooms ? cells.
• Anton von Leeuwenhoek, 1675
• Viewed living cells

8

• Cell Theory 3 parts
• All living things are made of 1 or more cells.
• Cells are the basic unit of life.
• Cells come from pre-existing cells.
• Cell Organization
• organelles (nonliving) nucleus
• ?
• cells (living) muscle cell
• ?
• tissues (group of same cells) muscles
• ?
• organs (group of tissues) heart
• ?

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• organ system (group of different organs)
• ? circulatory system
• organism (different organ systems combined)
  you
• Cell organelles a cell component that performs
  specific functions in the cell.
• Cell wall
• Surrounds the cell.
• Gives support and protection very rigid.
• Made of nonliving cellulose.
• Found in plants, fungi, and most bacteria.

10

• Cell membrane
• Outer covering in animal cells.
• Just inside the cell wall in plants.
• Not rigid can change shape.
• Selectively permeable membrane allows some
  substances to pass through and others not.
• Composed of 2 lipid layers.
• Fig 7 15 page 184

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• Nucleus
• Control center of the cell brain.
• Surrounded by nuclear membrane.
• Has tiny nuclear pores used for RNA (ribonucleic
  acid) to leave the nucleus.
• Chromosomes (DNA deoxyribonucleic acid) is
  located here.
• Contains nucleolus (used to form ribosomes).
• Prokaryote cell W/O a membrane bound nucleus.
  Pro no
• Eukaryote cell WITH a membrane bound nucleus.
  Eu true

12

• Ribosomes
• Found floating in cytoplasm and attached to
  endoplasmic reticulum.
• Composed of RNA.
• Location of protein synthesis.
• Endoplasmic reticulum E.R.
• Tubular passage way connecting all parts of the
  cell.
• Transportation system for proteins.
• Golgi Apparatus
• Closely stacked membranes.
• Receives proteins from E.R. and ships to cell
  membrane.
• Post office of the cell.

13

• Vacuoles
• Found in plants.
• Storage tank for food, water, wastes, and other
  materials.
• Lysosomes
• Digestive activities within the cell.
• Can eat viruses, bacteria, dead or injured cells,
  and old organelles.
• Plastids
• Plant organelles used for storage.
• Chloroplast green, stores chlorophyll.
• Photosynthesis occurs here.

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• Mitochondria
• Powerhouse of the cell
• Supplies most of the energy for cell use.
• Respiration occurs here.

15

• Movement of materials in out of a cell
• Cell membrane
• Semi-permeable- allows some substances to pass
  through others not.
• Materials enter leave by
• Passive transport
• Active transport
• Passive Transport- movement of substances across
  an area without using energy.
• Diffusion-movement of molecules of a substance
  from an area of greater concentration to an area
  of lesser concentration.
• Examples of diffusion-food coloring in water,
  kool-aid mix, perfume in the air.

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• Solute- any substance that is dissolved.
• Solvent- the substance that is doing the solving.
• Ex ovaltine milk chocolate milk
• (solute) (solvent) (solution)
• Fig. 7-16 pg. 185

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• Osmosis- movement of water, H2O, into and out of
  the cell from a greater concentration to a place
  of lesser concentration.
• A.K.A. diffusion of water
• Maintains homeostasis- organisms keep their
  internal conditions in a biological balance with
  their environmental.
• Human cells must maintain the following to live
• a) kept at a certain temperature range
• b) supplied with energy from respiration
• c) bathed in fluid
• d) cleansed of the wastes

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• 3 effects on cells by osmosis
• Isotonic- concentration of solute (dissolved
  substance) molecules inside and outside a cell
  are equal.
• Ex

19

• Hypotonic- concentration of solute molecules is
  lower outside the cell.
• Ex

20

• Hypertonic- concentration of solute molecules is
  higher outside than inside a cell.
• Ex

21

• Fig. 7-18 pg. 187
• Hypo O ? swells up
• Hyper e ? shriveled up 0

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• Turgor pressure-
• Plant cells have cell walls, which are rigid.
• Cannot fill endlessly, so pressure builds with
  more water added.
• This allows plants to stand up.
• Active Transport- movement of any substance
  across a cell membrane with the use of chemical
  energy.
• Sodium-potassium pump- sodium (Na) is pumped out
  of the cell and potassium (K)is pumped in.
• Muscles nerve cells work this way.

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• Endocytosis- large materials are engulfed to
  enter the cell.
• Ex Phagocytosis- cytoplasm engulfs large
  molecules.
• Endocytosis- passage of large molecules out of a
  cell.