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Chapter 2.3: Carbon Compounds

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Title: Chapter 2.3: Carbon Compounds


1
Chapter 2.3Carbon Compounds
2
Chemistry is. . .
  • What life is made of
  • Example Macromolecules
  • What life does
  • Growth
  • Reproduction
  • Movement
  • Interaction with the environment

3
Chemistry of Carbon
  1. Carbon can form four covalent bonds.
  2. Carbon can bond with carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
    nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur

6 protons 6 neutrons 6 electrons first shell-
2 second shell- 4
4
Bonding Symbols
  • A single bond is signified by a solid line
    between symbols shares 2 electrons
  • A double bond is signified by two solid lines
    between symbols shares 4 electrons
  • A triple bond is signified by three solid lines
    between symbols shares 6 electrons

5
Macromolecules
  • Macromolecules are Giant molecules
  • Consist of monomers (smaller units) that join
    together to form polymers.
  • This process is called polymerization.

Macromolecules Macromolecules are Giant
molecules Consist of monomers (smaller units)
that join together to form polymers This process
is called Polymerization.
6
Macromolecules
  • Synthesizing covalent bonds between the monomers
    involves losing a water molecule- dehydration, or
    condensation reaction

7
Macromolecules
  • Breaking the covalent bond within the polymer to
    break off a monomer involves breaking a water
    molecule and inserting its pieces hydrolysis

8
Types of macromolecules
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Nucleic Acids
  4. Proteins

9
Carbohydrates
  • 1. Composition made of C, H and O atoms
  • monomer- monosaccharide
  • 2. Uses Main source of energy for organisms,
    structural purpose in cell membrane, and
    exoskeleton of insects.

10
Carbohydrates
  • Examples
  • Sugars
  • Monosaccharide single sugar molecule
  • Polysaccharide polymer of monosaccharides
    bonded together with a glycosidic linkage

11
Carbohydrates
  • Examples
  • Starch Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
    that store extra sugar
  • In animals, starch is called glycogen, structural
    is called chitin
  • In plants, plant starch, structural is called
    cellulose

12
Lipids
  • 1.Composition C, H, O atoms
  • subunits are glycerol and fatty acids
  • 2. Not soluble in water, hydrophobic
  • 3. Function energy storage, main part of cell
    membrane, hormones
  • 4. Examples fats, oils, waxes, steroids,
    cholesterol

13
Lipids
  • Types of fatty acids
  • a. Unsaturated fatty acids are found in lipids
    that are liquid at room temperature, CC bonds
  • Example Olive oil
  • b. Saturated fatty acids are found in lipids that
    are solids at room temperature, no CC bonds
  • Example Shortening, butter

14
Types of Lipids
Saturated only single bonds, maximum number of
H atoms Unsaturated at least on C C double
bond
lipid
lipid
15
Proteins
  1. Contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
  2. Uses
  3. Structure
  4. Storage,
  5. transport of other substances,
  6. movement,
  7. Immunity
  8. Catalyze reactions (make them happen)

16
Proteins
  • Made of monomers called amino acids
  • 20 types of amino acids
  • Same general structure, but different R group
  • We will draw the 4 levels of Protein structure on
    the board

17
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
18
Nucleic Acids
  • Contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon,
    phosphorus
  • Store and transmit genetic information
  • Two types
  • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
  • RNA (ribonucleic acid)

19
Nucleotide
  • Made of monomers called nucleotides. A
    nucleotide has three parts
  • 5-carbon sugar (ribose)
  • Phosphate group
  • Nitrogenous base

20
Carbon Compounds
include
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
Fats, oils, waxes, steroids
DNA or RNA
Sugars and starches
Actin, enzymes, hemoglobin
21
Chapter 2.4Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
22
Chemical Reactions
  • Chemical Reaction A change of one set of
    chemicals into another
  • Can be slow or fast
  • Chemical reactions require collisions between
    molecules
  • Involves changes in chemical bondsA B ? C D

23
Chemical Reactions
  • Involves changes in chemical bonds
  • Reactants are elements or compounds that enter
    into a chemical reaction. Bonds of reactants
    are broken in a chemical reaction.
  • Products are elements or compounds that are
    produced in a chemical reaction. Bonds of
    products are formed in a chemical reaction

24
Chemical Reactions
  1. Involves changes in chemical bonds A B ? C
    D Which are the reactants?Which are the
    products?

25
Chemical Reaction ExampleCO2 in the body
  • Cells produce CO2,then blood carries CO2 from
    cells to lungs (exhale)
  • Problem CO2 is not soluble (dissolvable) in
    water
  • Solution A chemical reaction converts CO2 to a
    soluble compound

26
  • In blood, CO2 converted to soluble compound
  • CO2 H2O ? H2CO3
  • In the lungs, reaction is reverse to exhale CO2
  • H2CO3 ? CO2 H2O

27
Chemical reactions involve energy
  • Breaking and forming chemical bonds requires
    energy release or absorption
  • Reactions that release energy can occur
    spontaneously (but not all do)
  • Energy is released as heat
  • Reactions that absorb energy will not occur
    without an energy source

28
  • What is activation energy? The energy needed to
    get a reaction started
  • Some chemical reactions are really slow or
    require lots of energy and cannot occur on their
    own

29
Endergonic/ Endothermic
Exergonic/ Exothermic
30
Enzymes are catalysts.
  • A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate
    of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation
    energy of the reaction.
  • An enzyme is a protein that act as biological
    catalyst
  • Enzymes speed up reactions that take place in
    cells

31
Enzymes are catalysts.
  1. Enzymes provides a site (called the active site)
    where reactants can be brought together to react.
    This decreases the activation energy
  2. In a reaction involving an enzyme, the reactants
    are called substrates
  3. Enzymes can be reused, but can only have one type
    of substrate

32
An enzymatic reaction
33
Enzymes are catalysts.
  1. The enzyme-substrate relationship is like that of
    a lock and key
  2. Enzymes can have an allosteric inhibitor in which
    another molecule can turn the enzyme on or off by
    binding to it (make the lock work or not)

http//www.execulink.com/ekimmel/mixed_flash.htm
34
Enzymes are catalysts.
  • h. Enzymes can be affected by
  • pH
  • Temperature
  • Other proteins

35
CO2 H2O ? H2CO3 requires an enzyme called
carbonic anhydrase
36
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37
glucose ATP ? glucose-6-phosphate ADP
Enzyme (hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
ADP
Products
Glucose-6- phosphate
ATP
Products are released
Active site
Substrates bind to enzyme
Enzyme-substrate complex
Substrates are converted into products
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