Biochemistry

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Biochemistry

• B-3.4
• Summarize how the structure of organic molecules
  (including proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) are
  related to their caloric values

B-3.5 Summarize the functions of proteins,
carbohydrates, and fats in the human body
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Key Concepts

• Organic molecules (as listed in the indicator)
• Caloric Value
• Protein amino acid
• Carbohydrates monosachharides
• Fats (lipids) glycerol, fatty acids

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Objectives

• Distinguish between organic compounds and
  inorganic compounds.
• Summarize how the structures of organic molecules
  are related to their relative caloric values.
• Describe the bonding properties of carbon atoms.
• Compare the functions of proteins, carbohydrates,
  fats, and nucleic acids.

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Vocabulary Words

• 1. Monomer
• 2. Polymer
• 3. Carbohydrate
• 4. Protein
• 5. Lipid
• 6. Nucleic acid
• 7. Fatty acid
• 8. Amino acid
• 9. Atom

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All living things are based on atoms and
their interactions.
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Think About This

• Why would a plant, like the Venus flytrap, need
  to consume animals if it already makes its own
  energy through photosynthesis?

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The Answer

• Not all the materials a plant needs to maintain
  homeostasis is received through photosynthesis.
  Many plants absorb additional nutrients like
  phosphorus and nitrogen from the soil. The Venus
  flytrap grows in swampy areas where the soil is
  nutrient-poor. In order to get the additional
  nutrients it needs, it consumes animals by
  trapping them in their leaves. Once an animal
  touches the leaves, special cells allow the plant
  to snap shut (within 0.5 seconds) and trap the
  animal. Digestive chemicals allow the plant to
  consume the animal.

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Important to Note

• In order to fully understand how living things
  work as a whole, it is important to understand
  its parts. Much of what happens in biology, at a
  basic level, relates to chemistry.

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Living things consist of atoms of different
elements.

• An atom is the smallest basic unit of matter.
• An element is one type of atom.

Hydrogen atom (H)
Oxygen atom (O)
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Atoms

• Atom
• Composed of protons, neutron, electrons
• Protons are positively charged ()
• Neutrons are neutral (no charge)
• Electrons are negatively charged (-)

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• An atom has a nucleus and electrons.

• The nucleus has protons and neutrons.
• Electrons are in energy levels outside nucleus.

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Atoms

• Protons and neutrons are held together by strong
  forces in the nucleus and the electrons are
  around the nucleus in the electron cloud.
• Electrons are in constant motion around the
  nucleus and are attracted to the protons in it.
• The of protons () equals the of electrons
  (-), so therefore atoms are neutral in overall
  charge.

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Elements

• Element
• One particular type of atom
• There are over 100 known elements and about 24
  are found in living organisms.
• Elements are either 1 or 2 letter symbols.
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Examples Calcium (Ca), Hydrogen (H)
• They are arranged by atomic number on the
  Periodic Table of Elements.

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Elements

• Atomic refers to the of protons in the atom.
• Mass refers to the sum of protons and neutrons
  in the atom.

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Chemical Compounds

• In nature, most elements are found combined with
  other elements in compounds.
• A chemical formula is how a chemical relationship
  is shown
• Examples H2O (2 Hydrogen atoms 1 Oxygen
  atom)
• NaCl (1 Sodium atom 1 Chlorine
  atom)
• CO2 (1 Carbon atom 2
  Oxygen atoms)

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A compound is made of atoms of different elements
bonded together.

• water (H2O)

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A compound is made of atoms of different elements
bonded together.

• carbon dioxide (CO2)

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Chemical Compounds

• The chemical and physical properties of a
  chemical compound can be very different
• Example H2O Water is a
  liquid
• 
  Hydrogen alone is a gas
• Oxygen alone
  is a gas

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Chemical Bonds

• Chemical bond
• This bond formation involves the electrons
  (valence electrons).
• 2 Main Types
• Ionic bond
• Covalent bond

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Chemical Bonds

• Ionic Bonds (transferring electrons)
• Remember that atoms are neutrally charged because
  protons electrons.
• An atom that loses an electron is positive.
• An atom that gains an electron is negative.
• Now the atom is an ion if it has lost/gained
  electron.
• Example NaCl (sodium chloride)

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Ions form when atoms gain or lose electrons.

• An ion is an atom that has gained or lost one or
  more electrons. (IONic bonds)
• positive ions
• negative ions

• Ionic bonds form between oppositely charged ions.

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Atoms share pairs of electrons in covalent bonds.

• A covalent bond forms when atoms share a pair of
  electrons.

• multiple covalent bonds
• diatomic molecules

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Chemical Bonds

• Covalent Bonds (sharing of electrons)
• Form a molecule
• Share 2 electrons single bond
• Share 4 electrons double bond
• Share 6 electrons triple bond
• Example H2O (water)

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Carbon-Based Molecules

• All organisms are composed of organic compounds,
  which contain carbon atoms.

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Think.

• Think about how a car is made.
• What features do all cars have?
• What makes one car different from another car?
• How does this compare to organisms?

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Carbon The Molecule of Life

• Carbon is the building block of life.
• The molecule of life
• Carbon is the basis of most molecules in living
  things.

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What is an Organic Compound?

• Organic compounds have a carbon backbone.
• Example C6H12O6
• Inorganic compounds may contain carbon put dont
  have a carbon backbone.
• Example CO2

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Carbon is a Versatile Atom

• In its outer energy level, C atoms have 4
  valence electrons

Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms
to form up to four covalent bonds with other
elements
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Fundamental Structures

• Carbon has three fundamental structures (figure
  2.10)
• Straight Chains
• Branched Chains
• Rings

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Carbon can use its bonds to

• Attach to other carbons

Form an endless diversity of carbon skeletons
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Shape of Organic Molecules

• Each type of organic molecule has a unique
  three-dimensional shape

The shape determines its function in an organism
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Giant Molecules - Polymers

• Large molecules are called polymers

Polymers are built from smaller molecules called
monomers
Biologists call them macromolecules
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Macromolecules in Organisms

• There are four categories of large molecules in
  cells

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
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Examples of Polymers

• Proteins

Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
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Carbohydrates

• Types of CARBOHYDRATES
• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides

• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen

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Monosaccharides(simple sugarS)

• Glucose is found in sports drinks

Fructose is found in fruits
Honey contains both glucose fructose
Galactose is called milk sugar
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Monosaccharides

• Monosaccharides are the main fuel that cells use
  for cellular work

ATP
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Disaccharides

• A disaccharide is a double sugar.

Theyre made by joining two monosaccharides.
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Polysaccharides

• Glycogen is an example of a polysaccharide in
  animals

Animals store excess sugar in the form of glycogen
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Lets SummarizeCARBOHYDRATES

• Contains
• Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
• Sugars and Starches
• Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)
• Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
• Polysaccharides (cellulose, glycogen)
• Main source of energy for cell.
• Synthesized through photosynthesis and broken
  down through digestion respiration

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Lipids

• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen

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Lipids

• Lipids are hydrophobic water fearing

Do NOT mix with water
Includes fats, waxes, steroids, oils
FAT MOLECULE
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Function of Lipids

• Fats store energy, help to insulate the body,
  and cushion and protect organs

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Types of Fatty Acids

• Unsaturated fatty acids double bond between
  carbons

• Saturated fatty acids single bonds between
  carbons

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Fats in Organisms

• Most animal fats have a high proportion of
  saturated fatty acids exist as solids at room
  temperature (butter, margarine, shortening)

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Fats in Organisms

• Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated
  fatty acids exist as liquids at room
  temperature (oils)

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Lets Summarize LIPIDS

• Lipids are FATS
• Contains
• Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
• Made of glycerols and fatty acids
• Fats and Oils
• Saturated (waxes, butter, solid at room
  temperature, single bonds)
• Unsaturated (olive oil, liquid at room
  temperature, double bonds)
• Polyunsaturated (peanut oil, sesame oil, corn
  oil)
• Cushion, insulation, organ protection, membrane
  structure, and energy
• Cholesterol is necessary for fluidity of cell
  membranes

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Proteins

• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen

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Proteins

• Proteins are used to build cells, act as hormones
  enzymes, and do much of the work in a cell

• Proteins are polymers made of monomers called
  amino acids
• If the wrong amino acid is in place, the wrong
  protein will result

• All proteins are made of 20 different amino acids
  linked in different orders

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Four Types of Proteins
Storage
Structural
Contractile
Transport
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Proteins as Enzymes

• Many proteins act as biological catalysts or
  enzymes

• Enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions by
  weakening bonds, thus lowering the amount of
  activation energy needed for the reaction

• Thousands of different enzymes exist in the body

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Lets SummarizePROTEINS

• Contains
• Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
• Made of amino acids (monomer)
• Structural, Contractile, Transport, Storage
• Enzymes are an example

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Nucleic Acids

• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen
• Phosphorous

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Nucleic Acids

• Store hereditary information

Contain information for making all the bodys
proteins
Two types exist DNA RNA
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DNA

• Two strands of DNA join together to form a double
  helix

Base pair
Double helix
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Lets SummarizeNUCLEIC ACIDS

• Contains
• Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous
• Nucleotides are the monomers
• Stores and transmits genetic information
• DNA and RNA