Biomolecules

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Biomolecules

• Any molecule produced by a living organism
• All biomolecules contain Carbon

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Biomolecules

• Large molecules in living cells are known as
  biomolecules --- giant molecules
• biomolecules are made by joining smaller unites
  called MONOMERS together to for POLYMERS

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• The process of joining together monomers is known
  as POLYMERIZATION

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4 groups of biomolecules

• 1.) carbohydrates
• 2.) lipids
• 3.) nucleic acids
• 4.) proteins

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Carbohydrates

• Made up of carbons, hydrogen and oxygen atoms in
  a 1 2 1 ratio
• Uses
• Main source of energy
• Structural purposes
• Monomers are known as MONOSACCHARIDES
• - MONOSACCHARIDES join to form POLYSACCHARIDES

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CARBOHYDRATES

• Sugars (fruits, pasta, bread)
• Contain C, H, O in a 121 ratio
• Used for energy
• Types

Monosaccharide Disaccharides Polysaccharides
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• The monosaccharides for carbs are simple sugars
• Ex Glucose, galactose, fructose

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Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates include
• Small sugar molecules in soft drinks
• Long starch molecules in pasta and potatoes

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Monosaccharides

• Called simple sugars

Include glucose, fructose, galactose
Have the same chemical, but different structural
formulas
C6H12O6
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Monosaccharides

• Glucose is found in sports drinks

Fructose is found in fruits
Honey contains both glucose fructose
Galactose is called milk sugar
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Disaccharides

• A disaccharide is a double sugar

Theyre made by joining two monosaccharides
Involves removing a water molecule (dehydration)
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Disaccharides

• Common disaccharides include
• Sucrose (table sugar)
• Lactose (Milk Sugar)
• Maltose (Grain sugar)

Sucrose is composed of glucose fructose
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Polysaccharides

• Complex carbohydrates

Composed of many sugar monomers linked together
Polymers of monosaccharide chains
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Examples of Polysaccharides
Glucose Monomer
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
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Lipids

• Made mostly from carbon and oxygen atoms
• Ex. Fats, oils, waxes
• Uses
• Store Energy
• Important factor in cell membranes
• Chemical messengers

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Function of Lipids

• Fats store energy, help to insulate the body, and
  cushion and protect organs

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• Lipids contain two parts
• 1.) glycerol heads
• 2.) fatty acid chain tails

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Glycerol fatty acid tail
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• There are two types of lipids
• 1.) Saturated contain only single bonds
• Ex. Solid fat
• 2.) unsaturated contain double bonds
• Ex. Liquid fat

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Fats in Organisms

• Most animal fats have a high proportion of
  saturated fatty acids exist as solids at room
  temperature (butter, margarine, shortening)

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Fats in Organisms

• Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated fatty
  acids exist as liquids at room temperature
  (oils)

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Lipids

• Lipids are hydrophobic water fearing

Do NOT mix with water
Includes fats, waxes, steroids, oils
FAT MOLECULE
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Steroids

• The carbon skeleton of steroids is bent to form 4
  fused rings

Cholesterol
Cholesterol is the base steroid from which your
body produces other steroids
Estrogen
Testosterone
Estrogen testosterone are also steroids
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Nucleic Acids

• Store hereditary information

Contain information for making all the bodys
proteins
Two types exist --- DNA RNA
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Bases

• Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following
  bases

Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)

• Adenine (A)
• Guanine (G)
• Thymine (T)
• Cytosine (C)

Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
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NUCLEIC ACIDS

• DNA RNA
• Made of nucleotides sugar a nitrogenous
  base a phosphate group
• Contain C, H, O, N P
• Contain genetic information
• Control the activities of cells

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Proteins

• Proteins are polymers made of monomers called
  amino acids

All proteins are made of 20 different amino acids
linked in different orders
Proteins are used to build cells, act as hormones
enzymes, and do much of the work in a cell
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Protein

• Macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon,
  hydrogen, and oxygen
• Monomers are called amino acids
• Amino acids have an amino group (-NH2) and a
  carboxyl group (-COOH)

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• Uses
• Control the rate of reactions and regulate cell
  processes.
• Form bones and muscles
• Transport substance into or out of cells
• Help to fight disease

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20 Amino Acid Monomers
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Structure of Amino Acids
Amino group
Carboxyl group

• Amino acids have a central carbon with 4 things
  boded to it

R group
Amino group -NH3
Carboxyl group -COOH
Hydrogen -H
Side groups
Side group -R
Serine-hydrophillic
Leucine -hydrophobic
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Proteins as Enzymes

• Many proteins act as biological catalysts or
  enzymes

Thousands of different enzymes exist in the body
Enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions by
weakening bonds, thus lowering the amount of
activation energy needed for the reaction
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Primary Protein Structure
The primary structure is the specific sequence of
amino acids in a protein
Amino Acid
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Protein Structures
Hydrogen bond
Pleated sheet
Polypeptide (single subunit)
Amino acid
(a) Primary structure
Hydrogen bond
Alpha helix
(c) Tertiary structure
(b) Secondary structure
(d) Quaternary structure
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Denaturating Proteins
Changes in temperature pH can denature (unfold)
a protein so it no longer works
Cooking denatures protein in eggs
Milk protein separates into curds whey when it
denatures
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Changing Amino Acid Sequence
Substitution of one amino acid for another in
hemoglobin causes sickle-cell disease
7. . . 146
2
3
6
1
4
5
(a) Normal red blood cell
Normal hemoglobin
7. . . 146
2
3
1
6
4
5
(b) Sickled red blood cell
Sickle-cell hemoglobin