Biological Molecules

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Biological Molecules
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Carbon

• 4 valence electrons
• Carbon-Carbon
• chains

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Macromolecules

• giant molecules
• Made up of smaller molecules
• Polymerization process of building large
  compounds by joining smaller compounds
• These sub-units are called monomers
• Combine to form polymers

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Classes of Organic Molecules

• 1) Carbohydrates
• 2) Lipids
• 3) Proteins
• 4) Nucleic Acids

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Carbohydrates

• Include carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, O)
• Main function ENERGY!!
• Plants use carbs to help maintain structure
• Unneeded carbs are stored for later use as a
  starch
• Animals glycogen

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Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides
• Simple sugars (one sugar)
• Monomers of carbs!
• Ex
• Glucose
• Galactose
• Fructose

glucose
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Carbohydrates

• Disaccharides
• Double sugars (2)
• 2 monosaccharides joined together
• Ex
• Glucose fructose sucrose (table sugar)

sucrose
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Carbohydrates

• Polysaccharides
• Polymers (MANY monomers)
• Long chains of simple sugars
• Used for energy storage
• Animals glycogen
• Plants plant starch

starch
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Lipids

• Not soluble in water (hydrophobic)
• Contain mostly C and H atoms (some O)
• Used to store energy
• Found in biological membranes
• Includes
• Fats
• Oils
• Waxes

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Lipids

• Composed of glycerol molecule and fatty acids
• Saturated each C atom is joined to other C
  atoms by single bonds
• Unsaturated at least one C to C double bond
• Polyunsaturated more than one double bond

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Lipids

• Unsaturated fats are usually liquid
• oils
• Saturated fats are usually solid

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Nucleic Acids

• Contain H, O, N, C, and P
• Monomers nucleotides
• Nucleotides consist of
• 5-carbon sugar
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogenous base
• C, T, A, G

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Nucleic Acids

• Store and transmit genetic information
• 2 nucleic acids
• DNA
• RNA

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Proteins

• Contain N, C, H, O
• Monomores are amino acids
• Most diverse macromolecule
• 20 different amino acids in nature
• Joined by covalent bonds
• Can join in any order how many combinations????

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Proteins

• Functions
• Control rate of reactions
• Regulate cell processes
• Form bones and muscles
• Transport substances in or out of cells
• Fight diseases

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Proteins

• Four levels of organization
• 1- chain of amino acids
• 2- twist or fold the chain
• 3- fold the chain itself
• 4- more than one folded chain

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Proteins
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Proteins

• Enzymes
• Act as biological catalysts
• Increase the rate of chemical reactions
• Lowers activation energy
• Energy needed to start a reaction

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Lets Review!!