Section 1:The Industrial Revolution and America

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CHAPTER 13
Industrial Growth in the North
Section 1 The Industrial Revolution and
America Section 2 Changes in Working
Life Section 3 The Transportation
Revolution Section 4 More Technological Advances
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SECTION 1
The Industrial Revolution and America
The Industrial Revolution

• In the early 1700s most goods were made at home
  (cottage industry).
• By the mid 1700s, events in England changed all
  of that. As agriculture and roads improved,
  cities and populations grew. The traditional
  methods of manufacturing goods was not good
  enough any more. People began to use machines to
  replace human labor.
• These changes led to what is know as the
  Industrial Revolution.
• The first industry affected by these changes was
  the Textile industry.
• In 1770, James Hargreaves patented a small
  machine that spun several threads together doing
  the jobs of several people. This machine
  decreased the time it took to produce cloth.
  This machine was called the Spinning Jenny.
• 1769, Richard Arkwright created the Water frame.
  It did the same job as the Spinning Jenny, but it
  was huge an ran on water power. Now you could
  produce hundreds of threads at a time.
• Because these machines were so big, a need arose
  for somewhere to house them. Thus, the creation
  of factories.

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SECTION 1
The Industrial Revolution and America
Slater His Secrets

• The new textile machines allowed England to
  produce cloth faster and cheaper than any other
  country. Thus, they developed a monopoly on the
  textile industry.
• Samuel Slater was a mechanic in and English mill.
  He built these machines and he brought this
  knowledge to America when he immigrated there in
  the late 1700s.
• Slater met with Moses Brown and they opened a
  Textile mill in Rhode Island.
• The Rhode Island mill became a success.
• New England began to grow with mills.
• The South had fewer mills than did the North, b/c
  their land was occupied with plantations.
• How did Slater get his secrets out if there was a
  ban on mechanics leaving England? How did he
  smuggle out the plans?

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SECTION 1
The Industrial Revolution and America
A Manufacturing Breakthrough

• Despite the great changes in the textile mills,
  manufacturing was still done by hand.
• In 1798, inventor Eli Whitney came up with a
  solution to the problem. The idea was called
  interchangeable parts.
• Whitney told the US government that he could make
  10 muskets in 10 minutes and they laughed at him.
  Until he accomplished just that.
• Whitneys idea of mass producing parts to put
  together made production faster and cheaper. It
  also made it easier to fix goods.
• Whitneys ideas for guns quickly spread to other
  products like clocks. Once this took place, it
  was only a matter of time before machines took
  over for men in just about every field.

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SECTION 1
The Industrial Revolution and America
The War of 1812 Manufacturing

• The war of 1812 made the US become more
  independent and less dependent on foreign goods.
• Englands blockade and the earlier impressment
  led to many problems for American trade.
• Even Thomas Jefferson (who believed that the
  farmers were gods chosen people) agreed that we
  need to be more independent if the US were to
  truly ever be out from the shadows of England.

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SECTION 1
The Industrial Revolution and America
5 Things that Made the Industrial Revolution
Possible

• Spinning Jenny - invented by James Hargraeves -
  enabled one person to spin several threads at
  once.
• Cotton Gin - invented by Eli Whitney - separated
  cotton fibers from the stem one machine did the
  work of 1,00 people (Increased the need for slave
  labor in the South.)
• Interchangeable Parts - invented by Eli Whitney -
  meant that parts could be produced and put
  together, rather than one person making the whole
  product from start to finish
• Factory System - put people and machines together
  in one building to make products (Opposite of
  Cottage Industry.)
• Bessemer Steel Process (Provided a cheaper and
  easier way to make steel - for making machinery
  and to be used in construction of factories and
  cities)

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SECTION 1
The Industrial Revolution and America
Question How did the innovations and inventions
of Eli Whitney and Samuel Slater affect the
Industrial Revolution?
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SECTION 1
The Industrial Revolution and America

• machine production of cotton thread

• successful use of machinery in mills

• interchangeable parts

• easy to assemble and replace

• mass production

• goods cost less

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SECTION 2
Changes in Working Life
Factory Families

• Many mill owners were having a hard time filling
  their labor requirements.
• Eventually people like Slater began to hire
  families to fulfill these labor needs.
• Children as well as adults worked in the
  factories. This allowed for an increase in the
  work force at low costs.
• Entire families could work in the factories b/c
  the tasks they were being asked to do were
  simple. Some tasks even lent themselves to being
  done by children. B/c of their tiny bodies, they
  would get into the machines and fix/clean them.

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SECTION 2
Changes in Working Life
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SECTION 2
Changes in Working Life
9pm shift at a glass factory
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SECTION 2
Changes in Working Life
Children knitting
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SECTION 2
Changes in Working Life
Children worked well in mines
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SECTION 2
Changes in Working Life
The Lowell System

• A New England businessmen Francis Cabot Lowell
  came up with some different ideas from Slater on
  how to run a mill.
• Lowell built water looms like those in England.
  These larger machines could both weave thread and
  spin cloth at the same mill.
• Lowell also hired young unmarried women instead
  of entire families. This allowed him to use
  women as cheap labor.
• These young women were put in dorms and were
  taught how to become women that men would want
  to marry.
• These women earned from 2-4 a week. Paid 1.25
  a week rent. But this was more than they could
  earn at any other job. They usually worked in
  the mills for about 4 years.
• Disadvantages 12-14 hrs a day. Lives were
  carefully controlled. They were told when to eat
  and how to act, etc As the size of the machines
  grew, so did the speed they could work at. This
  meant the girls would have work even harder to
  keep up with the machines.

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SECTION 2
Changes in Working Life
Workers Organize

• As factories made more , more factories sprung
  up. This created competition and led to worse
  conditions for workers.
• To compete with factories, shop owners had to
  work longer hours for less to earn the same as
  before.
• Wages decreased. More people lost jobs (due to
  panic of 1837), Immigrants moved into US
  (northeast), all caused for worsening conditions
  in factories.
• Skilled workers formed Trade Unions to combat
  these conditions. They fought for better pay and
  conditions. They often used tools like strikes
  (refusal to work) to get their way. They also
  tried to use their power to vote to get their
  way. They would often not vote for someone
  unless they did something for the working class
  people.
• B/c Unions took power away from the owners of the
  companies, few companies allowed their workers to
  join Unions. This created hatred between workers
  and employers.

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SECTION 2
Changes in Working Life
Labor Reform Efforts

• Sarah G. Bagley - one of the strongest voices in
  labor reform movement. Founded Lowell Female
  Labor Union. They made public the bad things
  happening to their members.
• Bagley fought for the 10 hour working day.
• Companies got around this by making employees
  sign special contracts saying they would work
  longer hours.
• Early 1800s several states began to change their
  attitude about working and they adopted some of
  Bagleys ideas.

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SECTION 2
Changes in Working Life
Question In what ways did the daily life of
workers change by working in the north-eastern
mills?
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SECTION 2
Changes in Working Life
Types of Workers
Changes in Daily Life

• Families

• worked in factories instead of on farms

• Unmarried women

• began working in factories

• Craftspeople

• were forced to change working conditions to
  compete

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SECTION 3
The Transportation Revolution
New Ways to Travel

• Going along with the Industrial Revolution was
  the Transportation Revolution. It was a time
  period when transportation changed. It was a
  period of rapid growth in the speed and
  convenience of travel.
• Steamboat railroad were main contributors.
  Both relied on the power that steam created.
• These new forms of transportation expanded the
  free enterprise system by opening up new markets
  across the US. Shipping times were greatly
  reduced.
• To ship goods from PA to NO took about 6 months.
  With steamboat, it took 6 weeks. Thus, you could
  get more goods to market quicker.
• The growth in communication that went along with
  this helped spring up new towns.

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SECTION 3
The Transportation Revolution
The Steamboat

• Robert Fulton began this transportation
  revolution with the invention of the steamboat.
• His boat, Clermont traveled up the Hudson River
  w/out any trouble.
• Being able to travel upstream would greatly
  decrease the time it took to get places. Prices
  fell on goods that were shipped by steamboat by
  90 .
• This mode of faster and cheaper transportation
  led to a boom in trade all around the US.
• Early steamboat travel was dangerous, the boat
  could build up too much pressure and could
  explode.

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SECTION 3
The Transportation Revolution
Gibbons v. Ogden

• Court case involving steamboats.
• There were 2 different groups arguing over who
  could run an area of NY. Ogden sued Gibbons and
  Gibbons won. Ogden appealed.
• The supreme court ruled that federal law won out
  over state laws. Therefore even though the state
  of NY had given the rights to Odgen, Gibbons had
  the right to also sail his steamboat b/c he had a
  federal licensee.
• This court case was important b/c it again showed
  that States rights were not as important as
  Federal Rights.

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SECTION 3
The Transportation Revolution
American Railroads

• 1830s Peter Cooper built Tom Thumb a steam
  locomotive. Raced a horse and lost, b/c it ran
  out of track. Peaked Americans interest in
  Railroads.
• Was the fastest mode of transportation. Over the
  years, the steam engines got bigger and faster.
• Sometimes too fast as train wrecks were very
  common, when the engineer tried to stay on
  schedule and maybe go too fast.
• The system of Free Enterprise helped the
  Railroads grow.
• Railroad companies knew that there were large
  sums of to be made if they expanded their
  business.
• As the Railroads grew, so did the US physically.
  As new cities popped up everywhere along the rail
  lines.

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SECTION 3
The Transportation Revolution
Question What were some of the new forms of
transportation, and how did they change and
benefit American daily life?
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SECTION 3
The Transportation Revolution
Steamships

• eased the transport of goods
• encouraged Midwestern settlement

Railroads
Effects of Developments

• increased economic development
• linked communities
• aided the growth of cities

Telegraph

• made information readily available

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SECTION 4
More Technological Advances
Messages by Wire

• 1832, Samuel F.B. Morse invented the telegraph
  and Morse code. This invention could send
  information over great distances quickly.
• The telegraph sent an electric impulse through a
  wire. The operator tapped the bar that
  controlled the length of each pulse. At the
  other end, these pulses were changed into
  clicking noises that were recorded. A short
  click was a dot, while a long click was a dash.
  This was known as Morse Code.
• With this new tool to communicate, trade expanded
  b/c people could now tell where people needed
  what goods. The communication lines were
  generally strung up by rail lines.

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SECTION 4
More Technological Advances
New Factories

• At the start of the I.R. most factories ran on
  water power and thus had to be located by rivers.
  With the invention of Steam power, these
  factories could now be located anywhere.
• These factories sprung up all over the New
  England area. This area alone had as many as did
  the entire south.
• These factories were built up around cities so
  they could get workers. Cities soon became the
  center of Industrial America.
• The designs for the machines also improved in the
  mid 1800s.
• Isaac Singer invents the sewing machine. Within
  in 15 years of this invention American had 15 x
  as many as all of England. This showed how
  quickly inventions spread in America.

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SECTION 4
More Technological Advances
Better Farm Equipment

• John Deere saw a need for improvement in farming
  as his friends were having trouble with their
  Iron plows in the thick dirt. He invented a
  lightweight steel plow that just cut through the
  earth. This plow decreased the time it took to
  cultivate the land. Within in 5 years, he was
  selling about 1000 plows a year. Today John
  Deere is one of the biggest farm equipment
  companies in the world.
• Cyrus McCormick invented the Mechanical Reaper.
  This helped harvest the wheat quickly and
  efficiently. It kink of worked like a lawn
  mower.
• The combination of these two inventions led to
  being able to do 20x the work in a single day.
  This meant more for farmers and Lower for
  consumers. It also gave farmers more free time,
  which led to an increase in population.

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SECTION 4
More Technological Advances
Changing Life at Home

• Advances in things like the sewing machine made
  life easier and better for Americans.
• Ice boxes cooled by large blocks of ice allowed
  people to store fresh food safely.
• Iron Cookstoves became the rage and helped make
  cooking at home easier and safer.
• Clocks were mass produced to make a cheap version
  which allowed more people to have one.
• Cities built public water systems. Some rich
  people even had running water in their homes.
• Matches were invented during the I.R. So was the
  safety pin.
• All of these inventions helped make life at home
  more convenient for an increasing of Americans.

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SECTION 4
More Technological Advances
Question How did new technological developments
benefit factory and farm work?
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SECTION 4
More Technological Advances
Technological Developments Benefiting Factory and
Farm Work
John Deeres steel plow eased farmers work.
Improved machinery was introduced as a
substitute for manual labor.
Cyrus McCormicks reaper made harvesting more
efficient.
Steam power allowed business owners to build
factories in places that did not have streams or
waterfalls to power the factory.
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CHAPTER 13
Chapter Wrap-Up
1. What did the Supreme Court rule in Gibbons v.
Ogden, and what was significant about the
case? 2. How did the growth of factories change
American life? 3. How did the Transportation
Revolution benefit the U.S. economy and free
enterprise?