THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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Introduction

• Would start in Britain, but would become world
  wide. When it got to America it would have been
  confined to the north eastern area for a while,
  but would eventually spread across the nation.
  Specific dates were to when the Industrial
  revolution began are up for discrepancy. (1780s
  to the 1840)
• -Massive change from manual labor to
  manufacturing.
• -Hand made to mass production. More people could
  afford more items.
• -New lifestyle for Americans, no longer
  craftsmen, but employees.

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Major Inventions during the Industrial Revolution

• During the Industrial Revolution some
  inventions were created that revolutionized and
  helped in forming modern America.

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Cotton Gin

• Invented in April 1793 by Eli Whitney.
• Eli Whitney was born in Westboro, Massachusetts
  on 12/8/1765 and died 01/08/1825.
• His machine could generate up to fifty pounds of
  cleaned cotton daily, making cotton production
  profitable for the southern states.

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Light Bulb

• Invented in 1880 by Thomas Edison
• Thomas Edison was born on February 11, 1847 in
  Milan, Ohio.
• It took him many years to perfect it so it could
  last a long time.
• He died on October 18, 1931

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Telegraph

• Invented in 1849 By Samuel F.B. Morse.
• Samuel was born on April 27, 1791 in Charlestown,
  Massachusetts.
• They built lines from Washington reaching to
  Boston.
• He died on April 2, 1872.

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Sugar Evaporation System

• Invented in 1843 by Norbert Rillieux
• Norbert was born on March 17, 1806 in New
  Orleans, Louisiana.
• Converted Cane Juice into Sugar due to
  evaporation.
• This invention was an important development in
  the growth of the sugar industry.

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Steam Engine

• Invented in 1698 by Thomas Savery.
• Later improved in 1712 by Thomas Newcomen.
• Later improved in 1769 by James Watt.
• Steam engines were used in boats, trains, as
  agricultural tools such as water pumps when
  mining or for watering large amount of crops.

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Sewing Machine

• Invented in 1843 by Isaac M. Singer
• Isaac was born in1811 in Pittstown, New York to
  German Jewish Immigrants.
• He earned millions with this invention.
• He died in 1875

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Conclusion

• These inventions have influenced our community by
  giving us a form of faster production and
  transportation making America a Global exporter.
  In the present we drive cars, ride in airplanes,
  use turbines to produce electricity, and even
  transport materials in a ship. If it were not for
  the steam engine and steam boat being created
  maybe we would not have these necessities and
  forms of transportation in the present day.

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Transportation

• Transportation during the Industrial Revolution
  and how it progressed.

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Robert Fulton

• In 1807 regular steamboat service on the Hudson
  River.
• The steamboat was called the Cleremont.
• James Watts.
• John Fitch and William Symington.
• Steamboat New Orleans.

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Steamboat New Orleans
Robert Fulton
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Erie Canal

• Governor Dewitt Clinton of New York.
• 1817 Construction of Erie Canal.
• 1825 Canal was opened.
• Erie Canal From the Atlantic Ocean to the Great
  Lakes.

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Erie Canal Map
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Railroads

• Replaced highways and canals.
• Civil War
• 1869- Transcontinental Railroad
• Connection of two railway lines the Union Pacific
  and Central Pacific.
• Collins P. Huntington, Charles Cocker, Leland
  Stanford and Mark Hopkins.
• 16,000 and 48,000 per mile of track in land
  grants and subsides.
• Chinese Americans.

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Urban Development during the Industrial Revolution
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Situation of cities and countryside prior and
during the Industrial Revolution.

• More workers are needed in the cities to operate
  the new machines.
• The small farmer communities were overpopulated.
• People in the countryside were competing for few
  jobs.
• Insuficient trade routes made long distance
  commerce difficult and unsafe

• Laws are passed that prevent small farmers from
  operating.
• Events such as the gold rush had created large
  cities that were the first to adopt the new
  technology.
• Agriculture is not as profitable as before.

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Situation of cities and countryside prior and
during the Industrial Revolution

• The abolition of slavery forced plantation owners
  to pay for labor.
• Rich plantation owners saw more profit in the
  developing industry than in agriculture.
• Europeans countries had enriched by adopting new
  system

• The U.S. economy chose to adopt new system to aid
  its ailing economy.
• People started to view cities as a place to start
  over and improve their situation.
• New ideas about city designing. Utopia.

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Effects of the industrial revolution on the urban
development

• Great numbers of people started to move from the
  U.S. countryside toward the cities.
• The cities not adequated for such great numbers
  of people were unable to provide basic human
  needs such as running water, proper sewage and
  effective trash disposal system.
• New ideas on city design started to appear
• Architects starting applying some of this new
  ideas in the currently exicting cities.
• Some bold architects toyed with the idea of
  creating cities from scratch using this new ideas

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House of a factory woker during the Industrial
Revolution. Poor living conditions. Oftentimes
many member as shown in picture live in a single
communal room. This setting made diseases such as
cholera common.
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Construction of new cities

• City planners decided to create new cities.
• They thought that the most efficient way to do
  this would be to build a factory in the
  countryside and develop from there a city of
  workers.
• The financing of this ventures was the
  responsibility of the owner of the factory.
• The more pragamatic owners only focused on making
  profits. Provided insufficient funding and soon
  the same problems as in the preestablished cities
  started to arise.
• Urban development happened in a massive manner,
  but few if any of it resulted in good living
  conditions for the people and often only the
  wealthy sections of the city benefited from the
  improved city development systems

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Problems with new developments

• Lack of funds.
• Overpopulation
• No or insufficient sewage system
• Trash piled up in the streets.
• Massive epidemics though to bad hygiene in the
  city.
• Roads and streets in poor condition.

• Only the rich could afford to live in the nice
  parts of the city.
• The new developments were not Utopian Cities as
  the city planners had named them
• Often times the poor sections of the city lacked
  such basic human neccesities as running water

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Small city in California during the
1884 Rockindale,California. The lack
infrastructure is quite apparent.
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Conclusion

• During the Industrial Revolution there was ample
  urban development, but it was done in a careless
  manner. This development came mostly because the
  cities had to grow to allocate the immigrating
  populations of the countryside that came to the
  city looking for a better way of life. The
  Utopian Cities that are discussed are never to
  exist. It is years before a more calculated and
  plan development starts.

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Child Labor in the Industrial Revolution

• During the Industrial Revolution, families
  needed each member to contribute financially.
  This even included children due to the high
  demand for labor. However, children were
  mistreated, overworked, and accrued minimal wages
  for their work.

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Facts

• Children as young as six years old worked for
  little or no pay
• Children were subject to working long hours in
  factories with terrible working conditions
• American children worked in large numbers in
  mines, glass factories, textiles, agriculture,
  canneries, home industries, and as newsboys,
  messengers, bootblacks, and peddlers.

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• Children who lived in rural areas not only worked
  on their family farm, but were also hired by
  other farmers
• In 1890, 1.5 million children under the age of 15
  were working in industrial jobs and in 1910, it
  reached to 2 million children
• Children developed serious health problems such
  as being underweight, curvature of the spine, and
  tuberculosis

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• In 1836, the first state child labor law was
  created by Massachusetts, which required children
  under the age of 15 that worked in factories to
  attend school at least 3 months out of the year
• 1938 Federal regulation of child labor was
  achieved in Fair Labor Standards Act
• For the first time, minimum ages of employment
  and hours of work for children are regulated by
  federal law

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• In 1904, the National Child Labor Committee was
  formed by socially concerned citizens and
  politicians
• The National Child Labor Committee was chartered
  by Congress by 1907

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Historical Significance

• The child labor of the Industrial Revolution is
  historically significant to us because if people
  of America did not recognize and reform against
  child labor, we would not be able to go to
  school. We would probably have to work to
  contribute financially and economically for our
  family. In addition, children would have to work
  in conditions that would be unsuitable and be
  paid little for their hard work.

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Monopolies

• With only one provider of a good or service
  consumers would have to pay top dollar for the
  item they needed and most of the time it was a
  poor quality item.

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The Definition

• a persistent market situation where there is only
  one provider of a product or service.
• Monopolies are characterized by a lack of
  economic competition for the good or service that
  they provide and a lack of viable substitute
  goods.

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De Beers

• Founded in South Africa in 1888 and today
  comprises rough diamond exploration, mining and
  trading companies. De Beers family of companies
  are responsible for around 40 of world diamond
  production by value.
• De Beers is active in every category of diamond
  mining open-pit, underground, large-scale
  alluvial, coastal and deep sea.

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Carnegie Steel Company

• Andrew Carnegie constructed a profitable steel
  mill at Braddock, Pennsylvania in the mid-1870s.
• The profits made by the Edgar Thomson Steel Works
  were great enough to let Mr. Carnegie and his
  associates to purchase other nearby steel mills.
• In 1892, he formed the Carnegie Steel Company to
  manage their business

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Standard oil

• In the early years, John Rockefeller dominated
  the combine, for he was the single most important
  figure in shaping the new oil industry.
• In response to state laws attempting to limit the
  scale of companies, Rockefeller and his partners
  developed innovative ways of organizing so that
  they could effectively manage their rapidly
  expanding enterprise.
• In 1882, they combined their companies, spread
  across dozens of states, under a single group of
  trustees.
• State and federal laws sought to counter this
  development with "antitrust" laws.

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Modern Monopoly ATT

• The largest provider of both local and long
  distance telephone services, wireless service
  under the brand Cingular Wireless, and DSL
  Internet access in the United States.
• Although the corporation is considered SBC
  renamed, most of its major subsidiaries were part
  of ATT.
• ATT lacks the control it once had, which had
  been the reason for the anti-trust suits that led
  to the 1984 breakup.

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Labor Unions

• The rise of Labor Unions was a reaction to the
  employers exploiting workers, which allowed
  employees to demand fair treatment.

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• Growth of factories resulted in more separation
  between workers and owners.
• -Result of workers began to fight for benefits.
• -Example of this was the 10 hour work day.
• 1835 Boston construction craftsmen struck for
  seven months for a 10 hour work day and New
  Jersey textile workers went on strike for shorter
  hours.
• - 1840 Federal government introduction of this
  policy of a 10 hour work day helped encourage
  others accept this goal

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• More immigrants that were willing to work for
  less were coming to America.
• -Employers were willing to exploit them

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Immigration

• People came to the United States for
• Fertile land
• Job and Economic opportunities
• Religious and Political freedom
• Freedom from rising taxes
• Immigrants came from Europe as well as Asia.

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Irish Immigrants

• Potato Famine Ireland 18451849
• American Republican Party 1843 Know Nothing
  Movement
• Restrictions against Catholics

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Today

• More diversity within the United States.
• Inventions and ideas that came from immigrants.
• Carnegie libraries and schools

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Environmental Issues of the Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution influenced many
  factors to the increase of our economy but also
  devastated the growth of our environment creating
  a world-wide crisis to the future of our society

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Pollution

• For traditional families it became harder because
  it eventually led outside of the usual home.
• Pollution, deforestation, and the destruction of
  animal and plant habitats continued to increase

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The Use of Mechanics

• The burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil,
  and natural gases has added to the excessive
  amount of carbon dioxide and other gases in the
  atmosphere.

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Climate

• Many gases, especially Carbon Dioxide, have
  slowly been increasing since the 18th century
  thus contributing to what scientists like to call
  the greenhouse effect which is slowly raising
  the average temperature of the Earth.

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Deforestation
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One Result of the Industrial Revolution

• Thanks to the chemical fall-outs caused by the
  industrial activities, the Maine Department of
  Environmental Protection says that it is no
  longer safe for pregnant women and children to
  eat any freshwater fish from any of Maines many
  lakes.

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Conclusion

• The industrial revolution had a profound effect
  on American society. When it began it caused
  great concern because it shifted over from
  craftsman to employers. This is where we have to
  rise of monopolies and labor unions we also see
  the introduction of immigrants, women and at the
  time children in the work force. We also see the
  profound effects in the technology and
  transportation.

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Works Cited

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  ind/immgnts/immgrnts.html
• Nelson, Daniel. Shifting Fortunes. Chicago. The
  American Ways Series. 1997.
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• Ware, Norman J. The Industrial Worker 1840-1860.
  Boston. Quadranle Books. 1924
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Potato_FamineE
  migration
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know-Nothings
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison