AN AGE OF EXPANSIONISM

1
AN AGE OF EXPANSIONISM

• America Past and Present
• Chapter 13

2
Presidents 1825-1845
3
The Spirit of Young America

• Walt Whitman
• From this hour I ordain myself loosd of limits
  and imaginary line, Going where I list, my own
  master total and absolute . . .
• Herman Melville
• Hereby perhaps Stubb indirectly hinted, that
  though man loved his fellow, yet man is a
  money-making animal, which propensity too often
  interferes with his benevolence.

4
Expansion and Borderlands-1830s

• 1842--Webster-Ashburton Treaty settles the
  northeast U.S.-Canadian boundary
• Americans begin settling in
• Oregon territory (joint U.S., English claim)
• New Mexico territory (owned by Mexico)
• California (owned by Mexico)

5
Territorial Expansion by the Mid-Nineteenth
Century
6
The Texas Revolution

• 1821--Mexican Independence
• ImplicationsCA and TX
• Emancipate Indians
• Rancheros
• Empresarios
• Stephen F. Austin
• 1820s
• 300 Families
• Issues
• "Anglos" never fully accept Mexican rule
• 1829--Slavery abolished
• 1834--Santa Anna--Dictator
• 1835--armed rebellion

7
Texas Independence

• Garrison at Anahuac
• June, 1835
• William B. Travis
• Gonzales
• October, 1835
• San Antonio Siege
• Stephen Austin
• Independence Declared
• March 2, 1836
• Republic of Texas

8
Texas Independence

• The Alamo
• Santa Anna
• William Travis
• San Antonio
• Feb. 23 Mar. 6, 1836
• Remember the Alamo
• Goliad
• 350 Texans executed
• San Jacinto
• General Sam Houston
• April 21, 1836

9
The Republic of Texas

• April, 1836--Santa Anna defeated
• May, 1836--Santa Annas treaty recognizes Texas'
  claim to territory (Mexico repudiates)
• Texas offers free land grants to U.S. settlers
• Annexation to U.S. refused by Jackson

10
Texas Revolution
11
Trails of Trade and Settlement

• Santa Fe Trail closed to U.S. travelers as a
  result of Mexicos war with Texas
• Oregon Trail conduit for heavy stream of settlers
  to the Oregon country
• Oregon settlers demand an end to joint U.S.,
  English occupation

12
The Mormon Trek Westward Flight

• Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints
• Joseph Smith, 1830
• Revival of pure aboriginal American Christianity
• Mormons persecution
• Flee New York for Nauvoo, Illinois
• Murder of Joseph Smith
• Brigham Young
• Resettlement to Great Salt Lake in Utah

13
Western Trails
14
Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War

• Widespread call for annexation of newly-settled
  lands
• Manifest Destiny a slogan of those believing
  the U.S. divinely ordained to encompass Mexico
  and Canada

15
Tyler and Texas

• 1841--John Tyler assumes presidency after William
  Henry Harrisons death
• Tyler breaks with Whigs
• 1844--Tyler negotiates annexation with Texas for
  re-election campaign issue
• Senate refuses to ratify
• Tyler loses Whig nomination to Henry Clay

16
The Triumph of Polk and Annexation

• Democratic nomination
• James K. Polk
• Expansionist platform
• Annexation of Texas for Southern vote
• U.S. jurisdiction of Oregon for Northern vote
• Polk, Congress interpret his election as mandate
  for expansion
• Texas annexed before Polk inaugurated

17
Election of 1844
18
(No Transcript)
19
The Doctrine of Manifest Destiny

• "Manifest destiny--1845
• U.S., His chosen nation, to become stronger
• Americans make new territories free and
  democratic
• growing American population needs land
• Limits to American expansion undefined

John L. OSullivan
20
Polk and the Oregon Question

• 1846--Polk to Great Britain
• U.S. no more joint occupation
• England prepares for war, proposes division of
  the area
• Treaty of 1846
• Senate approves division of Oregon along 49o
  north
• U.S. gains Puget Sound
• North condemned Polk
• 54o 40 or Fight
• Attention to Mexico
• Pro-Slavery Focus?

21
Northwest Boundary Dispute
22
Expanding South West Mexico

• Republic of Texas
• Disputed land claims
• Between Nueces Rio Grande Rivers
• Texas annexed--disputed land claimed
• Mexico breaks relations
• Polk alerts troops
• Polk sends John Slidell
• 1846
• Gen. Zachary Taylor sent into disputed land

23
War with Mexico

• May 13, 1846
• Gen. Zachary Taylor success in north Mexico
• Colonel Stephen Kearney
• capture New Mexico
• Joins John C. Frémont in taking California early
  1847
• September, 1847
• General Winfield Scott occupies Mexico City

24
Settlement of the Mexican-American War

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
• February, 1848
• Rio Grande southern border
• New Mexico California ceded to U.S.
• 15,000,000 payment
• Mexican War politically contentious
• Whigs oppose
• Slave Power expansion

25
The Mexican-American War
26
Internal Expansionism

• Young Americans link territorial growth to
  other material achievements
• TelegraphSamuel Morse
• transportation improvements
• growth of trade
• mass immigration
• Discovery of California gold inspires
  transcontinental projects
• Territorial expansion wanes after 1848
• Economic, population growth continues

27
The Triumph of the Railroad

• 1840s--railroad begins displacing canals
• Rail construction stimulates iron industry
• Railroads stimulate new forms of finance
• bonds
• preferred stock
• government subsidies

28
Railroads, 1850 and 1860
29
The Industrial Revolution Takes Off

• Mass production
• Division of labor
• Production more efficient
• Factory system emerges
• gather laborers in one place
• cash wages
• continuous process"
• Agriculture mechanized
• Northern economy based on interaction of
  industry, transportation, agriculture

30
(No Transcript)
31
Mass Immigration Begins

• 1840-1860
• 4 million Irish, Germans immigrate to U.S.
• Most come for higher wages
• Immigrants fill low-paying jobs in port cities
• Irish influx--1845-54
• Low immigrant wages
• Contribute to slums
• Urban reform movement results

32
Immigration to the United States, 1820-1860
33
The New Working Class

• 1840s--factory labor
• shifting from women, children to men
• Immigrants dominate new working class
• Employers less involved with laborers
• Post-1837
• more work for less pay
• Unions organized
• Increasing immigration

34
The Costs of Expansion

• Working class poses problem for ideals
• working for wages assumed the first step toward
  becoming ones own master
• new class of permanent wage-earners conflicts
  with old ideal
• Economic expansion creates conflicts between
  classes
• Territorial expansion creates conflicts between
  sections
• Conflicts increasingly uncontrollable