Pavlov, Watson and Skinner

1
Pavlov, Watson and Skinner

• All relate to stimulus response and conditioning
• Pavlov Dogs and salivation
• Watson Manipulation of children
• Skinner Operant conditions
• Behavior modification
• Positive and Negative Feedback

2
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

• Oral-sensory
• Muscular-anal
• Locomotor-genital
• Latency
• Adolescence
• Adulthood
• Maturity

3
Erikson's Oral-Sensory Stage

• Basic trust vs basic mistrust Hope
• Birth to 1 1/2 years
• Social mistrust demonstrated via ease of feeding,
  depth of sleep, bowel relaxation
• Depends on consistency and sameness of experience
  provided by caretakeer
• Second six-months teething and biting moves
  infant "from getting to taking"
• Weaning leads to "nostalgia for lost paradise"
• If basic trust is strong, child maintains hopeful
  attitude

4
Erikson's Muscular-Anal Stage

• Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Will
• 1 1/2 year to 3 1/2 years
• Biologically includes learning to walk, feed
  self, talk
• Muscular maturation sets stage for "holding on
  and letting go"
• Need for outer control, firmness of caretaker
  prior to development of autonomy
• Shame occurs when child is overtly self-conscious
  via negative exposure
• Self-doubt can evolve if parents overly shame
  child, e.g. about elimination

5
Erikson's Locomotor Genital Stage

• Initiative vs. Guilt Purpose3 1/2 to 6 years
• Initiative arises in relation to tasks for the
  sake of activity, both motor and intellectual
• Guilt may arise over goals contemplated
  (especially aggressive)
• Desire to mimic adult world involvement in
  oedipal struggle leads to resolution via social
  role identification.
• Sibling rivalry frequent
• Willingness to take risks
• Sex differences in learning appear

6
Erikson's Latency Stage

• Industry v Inferiority Competence
• 6 to 11 years
• Child is busy building, creating, and
  accomplishing
• Receives systematic instruction as well as
  fundamentals of technology
• Danger of sense of inadequacy and inferiority if
  child despairs of his tools/skills and status
  among peers
• Socially decisive age

7
Erikson's Adolescent Stage

• Identity v Role Confusion Fidelity
• 11 years and through end of adolescence
• Struggle to develop ego identity (sense of inner
  sameness and continuity)
• Preoccupation with appearance, hero worship and
  ideology
• Group identity (peers) develops
• Danger of role confusion, doubts about sexual and
  vocational identity
• Psychosocial moratorium, a stage between morality
  learned by the child and the ethics to be
  developed by the adult

8
Vygotsky and Bandura

• Vygotsky
• Knowledge constructed through culture
• Didactic process
• ZPD distance between childs actual and
  potential performance
• Scaffolding Temporary support system for
  mediation of learning language and shared
  activity and improvement of problem-solving
  abilities

• Bandura
• Social Learning Theory
• Imitation of behavior
• Socialization
• Rehearsing as a tool for learning

9
Play

• Functional
• Constructive
• Pretend/Imaginative
• Rough and Tumble
• Games with Rules

10
Essay Question Hints

• Define terms used in question
• Identify applications of terms used in question
• Provide examples of terms used in question
• Provide classroom applications of terms used in
  question