LEARNING

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LEARNING

• Resource Material By
• Prof Namita Gupta

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What Is Learning?
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Learning

• Any relatively permanent change in behavior that
  occurs as a result of experience
• Learning components

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Theories of Learning

• Classical Conditioning
• A type of conditioning in which an individual
  responds to some stimulus that would not
  ordinarily produce such a response.
• Operant Conditioning Reinforcement theory
• A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary
  behavior leads to a reward or prevents a
  punishment.
• Social-Learning Theory
• People can learn through
• observation and direct experience.

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Classical Conditioning- its historyPavlovs
Dogs-Digestive reflexes and salivation, Psychic
secretion
Whats this about LEARNING?
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Classical Conditioning
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Stimulus

• 1-Neutral Stimulus-Bell-Does not normally
  elicit a
• response or reflex action by itself
• A bell ringing,
• 2-Unconditioned StimulusFood
• Always elicits a reflex action an
  unconditioned
• response
• Food,
• 3-Unconditioned ResponseSalivation
• A response to an unconditioned stimulus
• naturally occurring
• Salivation at smell of food,

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STIMULUS _Cont

• After learning took place
• 4-Conditioned StimulusBell
• The stimulus that was originally neutral
  becomes conditioned after it has been paired
  with the unconditioned stimulus. Will elicit
  the unconditioned response by itself
• 5-Conditioned Response
• The original unconditioned response
  becomes conditioned after it has been elicited
  by the neutral stimulus

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Operant Conditioning

• Operant conditioning takes place all around us in
  our homes, as well as the workplace.
• Parents use rewards, or operant conditioning to
  get their children to do their homework.
• Type of learning in which behavior is
• strengthened if followed by reinforcement or
• diminished if followed by punishment

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HISTORY OF OPERANT CONDITIONING

• Famous behavioral psychologist, followed
  Thorndike in using animals to investigate
  operant conditioning.
• Skinner Box constructed a box with a lever
  inside- when an animal pressed the lever, a food
  pellet fell out of a feeder into the box, Skinner
  wanted to see if rats placed in the box could
  learn to press the lever in order to receive the
  food.

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SKINNERs Experiment

• Behaviorism -The attempt to understand observable
  activity in terms of observable stimuli and
  observable responses
• Early Operant Conditioning- learning in which
  voluntary response are controlled by consequences
• by John B. Watson (1913),B.F. Skinner
  (1938)-used rats

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Learning-Operant Conditioning
Insert Figure 3.12 Here
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Reinforcement Theory
It used the fundamental of operant theory in
practical practice

• Emphasizes that people are motivated to perfor or
  avoid certain behaviors because of past outcomes
  that have resulted from those behaviors
• Response consequences that increase likelihood of
  responding in a similar way again.
• positive reinforcement
• negative reinforcement
• Punishment
• extinction

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Shaping A Managerial Tool

• Systematically reinforcing each successive step
  that moves an individual closer to the desired
  response.
• Four Methods of Shaping Behavior
• Positive reinforcement
• Providing a reward for a desired behavior
  (learning)
• Negative reinforcement
• Removing an unpleasant consequence when the
  desired behavior occurs (learning)
• Punishment
• Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an
  undesirable behavior (unlearning)
• Extinction
• Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause
  its cessation (unlearning)

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Reinforcement- Consequences of behaviour

• Positive reinforcement An events presentation
  following a response increases the future
  probability of that response. Ex-Praising for a
  good sales performance by the boss.
• Negative reinforcement An events removal
  following a response increases the future
  probability of that response. Ex Reduction or
  elimination of the future supervision/ Scolding
  by the boss after responsible work performances
  from employees.
• Punishment- The process by which a stimulus or
  event weakens or reduces the probability of the
  response that it follows. Ex-Beating to a thief
  after being caught by the police.
• Extinction-Making one forget the present
  response. Ex- Lack of attention paid by
  colleagues on another salesman who makes jokes
  over customers

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Schedule of Reinforcement-when how
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Schedules of Reinforcement

• Two Major Types
• Continuous Reinforcement- A desired behavior is
  reinforced each time it is demonstrated- EX 1 to
  1 ratio, a prize every time
• Intermittent Reinforcement-A desired behavior is
  reinforced often enough to make the behavior
  worth repeating but not every time it is
  demonstrated or in Multiple frequencies
• Ex- Ratio
• fixed 1prize for each race
• Variable maybe a prize, maybe not!
• Interval
• fixed announced examination after every 1 month
• variable pop quiz any time

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Types of Intermittent Reinforcement

• Ratio
• Depends on the number of responses made.
• Interval
• Depends on the time between reinforcements.
• Fixed
• Rewards are spaced at uniform time intervals or
  after a set number of responses.
• Variable
• Rewards that are unpredictable or that vary
  relative to the behavior.

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Schedules of Reinforcement
E X H I B I T 23
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Reinforcement Contingencies-EX
Insert Table 3.4 Here
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Classical vs. Operant Conditioning

• CLASSICAL
• Stimulus precedes the response and elicits it
• Elicited responses
• Learning as a result of association
• Pavlov

• OPERANT
• Stimulus follows the response and strengthens it
• Emitted responses
• Learning as a result of consequences
• Skinner

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The Basic Concepts of Learning Theory

• Classical conditioning
• elicits response as a result of associating
• unconditioned stimulus
• neutral stimulus
• Operant conditioning
• emitted response
• learning is a result of consequences
• reinforcers
• punishment

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Processes of Social Learning Theory
Match Modeled Performance
Motor Reproduction
Motivational Processes
Attention
Retention

• Model Stimuli
• Trainee
• Characteristics

• Physical Capability
• Accuracy
• Feedback

• Reinforcement

• Coding
• Organization
• Rehearsal

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Learning
Observational Learning
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Social Learning Theory (1 of 3)

• Emphasizes that people learn by observing other
  persons (models) whom they believe are credible
  and knowledgeable
• Recognizes that behavior that is reinforced or
  rewarded tends to be repeated
• The models behavior or skill that is rewarded is
  adopted by the observer

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Social Learning Theory (2 of 3)

• Learning new skills or behavior comes from
• directly experiencing the consequences of using
  behavior or skills, or
• the process of observing others and seeing the
  consequences of their behavior
• Learning is also influenced by a persons
  self-efficacy
• self-efficacy a persons judgment about whether
  he or she can successfully learn knowledge and
  skills

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Social Learning Theory (3 of 3)

• Self-efficacy can be increased using
• verbal persuasion offering words of
  encouragement to convince others they can learn
• logical verification perceiving a relationship
  between a new task and a task already mastered
• observation of others (modeling) having
  employees who already have mastered the learning
  outcomes demonstrate them for trainees
• past accomplishments allowing employees to
  build a history of successful accomplishments

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The Learning ProcessLearning Styles
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Application of learning in Behavior Modification
(OB Mod)

• The application of reinforcement concepts to
  individuals in the work setting
• Follows the Five-Step Problem-Solving Model

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Assignment Experiential question to be discussed
after studying the topic

• Do you think manager will be able to more
  effectively change their subordinates
  performance by using rewards or by using
  punishment?
• However you answer what specific steps you would
  take to make these efforts most effective.Explain
  your recommendations.
• Good Luck