Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Observational Learning

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Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and
Observational Learning

• Learning Conditioning Watson
  Thorndike
• Behavior Reinforcement Skinner
  Operants
• Classical cond. Punishment Bandura
  Pavlov
• UCS/UCR Pos/Neg Extinction
  
• CS/CR Bobo-doll exp. Token
  Economy
• NS Schedules of Reinf. Spontaneous
  Recovery
• Operant cond. Interval Response
• Modeling Ratio
  Discrimination
• Instinctive drift Tollman
  Generalization
• Little Albert Theories of Learning
  Phobias
• Latent learning Biological preparedness

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• What is learning?
• Learning is a relatively permanent change in an
  organisms behavior due to experience
•   When a change occurs in an organisms
  behavior, learning has occurred
• Conditioning is the process of learning
  ____________________________ between
  environmental events and behavioral responses
•  associations
• What are 3 types of learning?
• 1.Classical
•  
• 2.Operanct
• Observational

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Classical Conditioning

• Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, with the most
  famous of psychological experiments, discovered
  the phenomena we call classical conditioning -
  learning to link two or more stimuli and
  anticipate events.
• His work provided a basis for behaviorism - the
  view that psychology (1) should be an objective
  science that
• (2) studies behavior without reference to mental
  processes.

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
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Pavlovs Experiments
Before conditioning, food (Unconditioned
Stimulus, US) produces salivation (Unconditioned
Response, UR). However, the tone (neutral
stimulus, NS) does not.
During conditioning, the neutral stimulus (tone)
and the US (food) are paired, resulting in
salivation (UR). After conditioning, the neutral
stimulus (now Conditioned Stimulus, CS) elicits
salivation (now Conditioned Response, CR)
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Classical Conditioning

• Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist who
  first described the basic process of conditioning
  that is now called _______________________________
  ____
• Principles of Classical Conditioning
•  
• Classical conditioning is a process of
  associating an ___________ with a neutral
  stimulus
•  unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
• The natural stimulus that reflexively produces a
  response without prior learning is called the
  __________________________
• unconditioned stimulus
• The unlearned, reflexive response that is
  elicited by an unconditioned stimulus is called
  the ___________________________  
• unconditioned response
• The ______________ was originally a neutral
  stimulus that comes to elicit a reflexive
  response.
• conditioned stimulus
• The _________________ is the learned, reflexive
  response to a previously neutral stimulus.
• conditioned response

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• Sally did not enjoy going with her mother to the
  grocery store. One day when Sally and her mother
  went to the grocery store, the baker gave Sally a
  cookie. Sally loves cookies, she gets excited
  when she eats a cookie. Every time Sally sees
  the baker at the grocery store, the baker gives
  Sally a cookie. Now whenever Sally sees the
  baker, she gets excitedand Sally has begun to
  enjoy going to the grocery store.

• What is the UCS?
• What is the UCR?
• What is the NS?
• What is the CS?
• What is the CR?

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Acquisition

• Acquisition is the initial learning stage in
  classical conditioning in which an association
  between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned
  stimulus takes place.

1. In most cases, for conditioning to occur, the
   neutral stimulus needs to come before the
   unconditioned stimulus.
2. The time in between the two stimuli should be
   about half a second.

In higher-order conditioning a previously
conditioned stimulus is paired with a new
neutral stimulus, creating a new (often weaker)
conditioned stimulus.
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Factors that Affect Conditioning

• The Strength of the pairing of the unconditioned
  stimulus and the neutral stimulus, the stronger
  the association.
• The timing of stimuli presentations also affects
  the strength of the conditioned response.
• Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination
• ___________________________ occurs when stimuli
  that are similar to the original conditioned
  stimulus elicit the conditioned response
• Generalization
• _______________________ occurs when a particular
  conditioned response is made to one specific
  stimulus but not to the other, similar stimulus
• Discrimination
• In conditioning, ______________________ is the
  gradual weakening and apparent disappearance of
  the conditioned response.
•  Extinction
•  _________________________ is the reappearance of
  a previously extinguished conditioned response
  after a period of time without exposure to the
  conditioned stimulus.
• Spontaneous recovery
• In the early 1900s, _________________________, an
  American psychologist founded a new school,
• or approach, in psychology called
  ___________________________
• John B. Watson, Behaviorism

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Applications of Classical Conditioning

• Watson believed that human emotions and behaviors
  are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses. He
  showed how specific fears can be conditioned with
  the controversial Little Albert experiment in
  which an 11-month-old boy was conditioned to fear
  a rat.

Brown Brothers
John B. Watson
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Operant Classical Conditioning

• Classical conditioning and operant conditioning
  are both forms of associative learning, but there
  are key differences.
• Classical conditioning forms associations
  between stimuli (CS and US). Operant
  conditioning, on the other hand, forms an
  association between behaviors and the resulting
  events.
• Classical conditioning involves respondent
  behavior that occurs as an automatic response to
  a certain stimulus. Operant conditioning involves
  operant behavior, a behavior that operates on the
  environment, producing rewarding or punishing
  stimuli.

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• Watson emphasized the direct observation of
  behavior and rejected the methods of
  introspection and the study of unconsciousness.
• The famous case of Little Albert demonstrated
  that classical conditioning could be used to
  deliberately establish a conditioned emotional
  response in a human subject.
• A ______________________ is a classically
  conditioned intense dislike for or an avoidance
  of a particular food that develops when an
  organism becomes ill after eating the food.
• John Garcia demonstrated that taste aversions
  could be produced in laboratory rats under
  controlled conditions. His findings challenged
  several of the basic assumptions of classical
  conditioning.
• ______________________ is the idea that an
  organism is innately predisposed to form
  associations between certain stimuli and
  responses.
• Biological preparedness
• __________________ deals with the learning of
  active, voluntary behaviors that are shaped and
  maintained by their consequences.
• Edward Thorndike was the first psychologist to
  systematically investigate animal behavior and
  how voluntary behaviors are influenced by their
  consequences.

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Biological Predisposition

• Biological constraints predispose organisms to
  learn associations that are naturally adaptive.
• Breland and Breland (1961) showed that animals
  drift towards their biologically predisposed
  instinctive behaviors.

Animals can most easily learn and retain
behaviors that draw on their biological
predispositions
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• On the basis of his observations, Thorndike
  formulated the _________
• The law of effect...responses followed by a
  satisfying state of affairs are strengthened,
  and are more likely to occur again in the same
  situation, whereas responses followed by an
  unsatisfying or unpleasant state of affairs are
  weakened and are less likely to occur again.
• B.F. Skinner believed that psychology should
  restrict itself to studying only phenomena that
  could be objectively measured and verified, and
  ____________.
• Observed
• An operant was a term used to describe any active
  behavior that operates upon the environment to
  generate consequences.

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Skinners Experiments

• Skinners experiments extend Thorndikes
  thinking, especially his law of effect. This law
  states that rewarded behavior is likely to occur
  again.

Yale University Library
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• __________________ or Skinnerian conditioning,
  explains learning as a process in which behavior
  is shaped and maintained by its consequences.
• __________ occurs when a stimulus or an event
  follows an operant and increases the likelihood
  of the operant being repeated
• ________________ reinforcement strengthens the
  response and
• increases the frequency of that behavior by
  adding something pleasurable
• ___________ reinforcement strengthens the
  response and increases the frequency of that
  behavior by taking away something aversive

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Types of Reinforcers

• Reinforcer Any event that strengthens the
  behavior it follows. Positive reinforcement
  increases a behavior by presenting a pleasurable
  stimulus after the response. Negative
  reinforcement increases a behavior by stopping or
  removing a negative stimulus.

A heat lamp positively reinforces a meerkats
behavior in the cold.
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Shaping

• Shaping is the operant conditioning procedure in
  which reinforcers guide behavior towards the
  desired target behavior through successive
  approximations.

A rat shaped to sniff mines. A manatee shaped to
discriminate objects of different shapes, colors
and sizes.
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Primary Conditioned Reinforcers

• Primary Reinforcer An innately reinforcing
  stimulus like food or drink.
• Conditioned Reinforcer A learned reinforcer that
  gets its reinforcing power through association
  with the primary reinforcer.

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•  
• A _____________ is the specific stimulus in the
  presence of which a particular operant is more
  likely to be reinforced
• _________ is reinforcing successful
  approximations of a behavior until the correct
  behavior is displayed acquisition is the
  beginning process of learning a behavior
• Shaping
• ______________ reinforcement, a pattern of
  reinforcement in which
• every occurrence of a particular response is
  reinforced
• Partial reinforcement is a pattern of
  reinforcement in which
• the occurrence of a particular response is only
  intermittently reinforced
• Extinction is the gradual weakening and
  disappearance of a conditioned behavior and
  occurs because of the disappearance of
  reinforcement
• The _____ is the phenomenon in which behaviors
  that are conditioned using partial reinforcement
  are more resistant to extinction than behaviors
  that are conditioned using continuous
  reinforcement