How We Learn from Experience

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How We Learn from Experience

• Classical and Operant Conditioning

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Classical Conditioning Discovered by Pavlov
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Using Sound of Tuning Fork to Associate with Food
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Watson condition Albert to fear white furry rats
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Conditioning of Fear

• Watson made a very loud and sudden noise every
  time the white rat was on little Alberts lap
• The loud sudden noise scared Albert and made him
  cry
• Soon only the presence of the white rat made
  Albert very fearful and he would cry

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The loud sudden noise is

• A conditioned stimulus
• An unconditioned stimulus

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The White Rat is

• A) the conditioned stimulus
• B) the unconditioned stimulus

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The Fear of the Loud Noise is

• A) A conditioned response
• B) An unconditioned response

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The Fear of the Rat is

• A) the conditioned response
• B) the unconditioned response

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Watson pair loud noise with white rat
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Fears can generalize to similar stimuli
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How Learn Fear of Small, Enclosed Spaces?
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Conditioning of Claustrophobia Identify the UCS,
UCR, CS CR
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How condition a fear of deep water?
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Conditioning of a fear of Deep Water

• A child almost drownsor at least feels like they
  did.
• Now they avoid any water above their head as this
  stimulus causes a strong fear and panic response

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The Fear of Almost Drowning is

• An unconditioned stimulus
• A conditioned stimulus
• An unconditioned response
• A conditioned response

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The Fear of Deep Water

• An unconditioned stimulus
• A conditioned stimulus
• An unconditioned response
• A conditioned response

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The experience of almost drowning is

• An unconditioned stimulus
• A conditioned stimulus
• An unconditioned response
• A conditioned response

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The deep water has become

• An unconditioned stimulus
• A conditioned stimulus
• An unconditioned response
• A conditioned response

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Why would most of us not like being on a small
sailboat in these conditions?
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Look like fun? Why or why not?
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Desensitization

• We all can lose a fear of dogs or of deep water
  or of snakes or of bees by approaching these
  stimuli step by step while being in a relaxed
  state.
• So how would you devise a desensitization
  procedure for your friend who has a phobic
  response to dentists?

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Desensitization of a Fear of a Spider
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How could someone learn a taste aversion to
cotton candy? To Brussels Sprouts?
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What is UCS, UCR, CS and CR for this conditioned
taste aversion?
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Thorndikes Law of Effect preceded but very
vague
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B. F. Skinner work discovered the science of
operant conditioning
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How did Skinner teach his rats to press the lever?
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Operant conditioning

• Our voluntary (operant) responses are influenced
  by the consequences they receive.
• Positive reinforcements encourage our operant
  responses by providing us something good
• Examples of positive reinforcement praise,
  attention, money, a sense of accomplishment,
  affection, good grades, blue ribbons

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How did Skinner condition pigeons to peck a disk?
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Negative Reinforcements Also Encourage Operant
Responses

• Negative reinforcements enable us to escape or
  avoid an unpleasant consequence
• Examples of negative reinforcement escaping a
  headache, avoiding a speeding ticket, not failing
  a test, not getting wet or cold

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Skinner determined how consequences influence
our operant behaviors
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Our behaviors are constantly being influenced by
consequences they receive
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Punishment and extinction
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Quiz

• You start a fitness program and lose a
  significant percentage of body fat. This
  consequence is
• Positive reinforcement
• Negative reinforcement
• Punishment
• Extinction

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Quiz

• You join a health club but never have the time to
  go. This consequence would best be identified
  as
• Positive reinforcement
• Negative reinforcement
• Punishment
• Extinction

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Quiz

• Your personal trainer at your fitness club is
  very critical about your attitude and fitness.
  This would be perceived by many of us as
• Positive reinforcement
• Negative reinforcement
• Punishment
• Extinction

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• You take an art class and find that your
  sketching ability improves significantly. This
  consequence is a
• a) positive reinforcement
• b) negative reinforcement
• c) punishment
• d) extinction

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• Your art teacher makes no comments about your art
  work. This consequence is
• Positive reinforcement
• Negative reinforcement
• Punishment
• Extinction

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• At the end of your art class, one of your
  projects is chosen to be in the student exhibit.
  This is a
• Positive reinforcement
• Negative reinforcement
• Punishment
• Extinction

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• During your art class other more experienced
  students make it clear that your work is inferior
  and unsophisticated.
• Positive reinforcement
• Negative reinforcement
• Punishment
• Extinction

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Animal trainers faithfully follow the principles
of operant conditioning
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Shaping a mouse to learn through a maze
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Shaping of Complex Behaviors Shaping Dog to
Climb Wall
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Shaping Dog to Open Waste Can
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How Teach a Dog to Jump over fences and through
hoops through shaping?
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Clicker Training used with animals
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Reinforcement of Behaviors not always intentional
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Ratio Schedules of Reinforcement

• Ratio schedules based on how many responses you
  make
• Sales commission, tips for wait staff, amount of
  studying to get an A
• Most ratio schedules are variable though some are
  fixed. Examples?

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Interval Schedules of Reinforcement

• The pay-off is given based on the passing of time
• Work 30 hours a week and will get pay
  checksometimes regardless of how much you
  accomplish
• Most interval schedules are fixed but some are
  variable. Examples?

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Schedules of Reinforcementwhich schedule
encourages the most responses? The least
responses?
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Banduras Study with the Bobo Doll illustrate the
learning principle of observation and imitation
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Children will imitate live models, filmed models
and cartoon models
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All intelligent animals can learn from observation
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Taught Washoe how to Sign based on observation
and imitationThen Washoe teach other chimps how
to sign.
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Painting by Washoe titled Red Berry