Learning

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Learning
Long lasting change in behavior due to experience.
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Learning

• We will be studying three types of learning
• Conditioning
• A. Classical conditioning
• B. Operant conditioning
• Observational learning
• Latent learning

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• Conditioning a type of learning that involves a
  stimulus response connection
• A learned association certain events occur
  together
• stimulus feature in the environment that is
  detected by an organism and produces a reaction.
• response observable reaction to a stimulus

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1A. Classical Conditioning(Learning by
association)

• Ivan Pavlov
• Studied Digestion of Dogs.
• Dogs would salivate before they were given food.
• Dogs must have LEARNED to salivate.

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Classical Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning

• Automatic/reflexive(the learner does NOT have to
  think).
• First thing you need is an automatic
  relationship.
• Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)- something that
  naturally and automatically triggers a response
• Unconditioned Response (UCR)- the unlearned,
  naturally occurring response to the UCS.

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Classical Conditioning

• Next you find a neutral stimulus (something that
  by itself elicits no response).
• You pair the stimulus with the Unconditioned
  Stimulus (UCS) several times.

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Classical Conditioning

• After a while, the body begins to link/associate
  the neutral stimulus with the Unconditioned
  Stimulus (UCS).

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Classical Conditioning

• Conditioned Stimulus (CS) an originally neutral
  stimulus that, after association with the UCS,
  comes to trigger a response.
• Neutral stimulus becomes a Conditioned stimulus
• Conditioned Response (CR) the learned response
  to a previously neutral stimulus.

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John Watson (observable behavior should be
studied instead of mental processes) brought
Classical Conditioning to psychology with his
Baby Albert experiment.
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Classical Conditioning as portrayed in The
Office.
See if you can identify the UCS, UCR, CS and CR.
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Classical Conditioning

• Classical conditioning terms
• Taste aversion
• Extinction
• Spontaneous recovery
• Generalization
• Discrimination

• Use of classical conditioning in psychology
• Flooding
• Systematic desensitization
• Counter conditioning

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Adapting to the environment

• Taste aversion- learned avoidance of a
  particular food
• Extinction- gradual weakening of a CR when the
  CS appears repeatedly w/out UCS
• Spontaneous recovery- reappearance of an
  extinguished CR
• Generalization- same response to 2 similar
  stimuli (rat rabbit)
• Discrimination- different response to 2 slightly
  different stimuli (ice cream pudding)

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Use of classical conditioning in psychology

• Flooding- intense exposure to harmless stimuli
  until fear response is extinguished
• Systematic desensitization-exposure to fearful
  stimuli while learning to relax
• Counter conditioning-a pleasant stimulus is
  paired repeatedly with a fearful one,
  counteracting the fear

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1B. Operant Conditioning

• The Learner is NOT passive.
• Learning based on consequences!!!

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Operant Conditioning(Learning by consequences)

• A type of learning in which behavior is
  strengthened if followed by reinforcement or
  diminished if followed by punishment.

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B.F. Skinner

• The Mac Daddy of Operant Conditioning.
• Used a Skinner Box (Operant Conditioning Chamber)
  to prove his concepts.

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Skinner Box
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Reinforcers

• A reinforcer is anything that INCREASES a
  behavior.
• Positive Reinforcement
• The addition of something pleasant (add).
• A reward
• Negative Reinforcement
• The removal of something unpleasant (subtract).
• Not a punishment

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Positive or Negative Reinforcement?
Kiss for doing the dishes
Prisoners try to break out of jail to escape
being locked up
Loud, irritating buzz until driver puts on seat
belt
Treat for your dog when he sits
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Positive or Negative Reinforcement?

• Taking aspirin for a headache
• Scratching an itch
• for As on your report card
• Hit snooze alarm at 6 am
• Drinking or taking drugs

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Operant Conditioningpuppy learns to roll over
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Punishment

• Meant to DECREASE a behavior.
• Addition of something unpleasant.
• Removal of something pleasant.
• Punishment works best when it is immediately done
  after behavior and if it is harsh!

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Checkout lane at TargetName that reinforcement
Child Mother
Behavior Throwing a tantrum!!! Giving candy
Consequence Receive candy Tantrum ends/peace and quiet
Result More tantrums in future Giving more candy in future
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Reinforcement Versus Punishment
Reinforcement
Punishment
Positive
Negative
Negative
Positive
Stimulus is ...
Stimulus is ...
Stimulus is ...
Stimulus is ...
Presented
Removed
Presented
Removed
Behavior...
Behavior...
Behavior...
Behavior...
Increases
Increases
Decreases
Decreases
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How do we actually use Operant Conditioning?...
Shaping

• Shaping-procedure in Operant Conditioning in
  which reinforcers guide behavior closer and
  closer towards a goal.
• Shaping is reinforcing small steps on the way to
  the desired behavior.

To train a dog to get your slippers, you would
have to reinforce him in small steps. First, to
find the slippers. Then to put them in his mouth.
Then to bring them to you and so onthis is
shaping behavior.
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Token Economy

• Every time a desired behavior is performed, a
  token is given.
• Can trade tokens in for a variety of prizes
  (reinforcers).
• Used in homes, prisons, mental institutions and
  schools.

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2 Observational Learning

• Albert Bandura and his BoBo Doll
• We learn through observing others behavior,
  attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors.
• No reinforcer necessary for learning
• http//video.google.com/videoplay?docid-458646581
  3762682933

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Media Violence Children

• TV- major source of informal observational
  learning
• Children see an average of 8,000 murders and
  100,000 acts of violence before elementary
  school.
• American Psychological Association
• Media violence supplies models of aggressive
  skills children may learn
• May view violence as effective way of settling
  conflict
• Emotional desensitization
• Higher tendency for violent and aggressive
  behavior

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3 Latent Learning

• Edward Toleman
• Cognitive maps
• Maze running rats, ones that didnt initially get
  a reward didnt seem to learn, but when they
  started being rewarded their performance changed
  drastically
• Latent means hidden.
• Sometimes learning is not immediately evident.
• No reinforcement necessary for learning

Group 1 always found food at the end of the
maze. Group 2 never found food. Group 3 found no
food for 10 days, but then received food on the
eleventh
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Latent Learning Example

• If you are in a car going to school with a friend
  every day, but your friend is driving all the
  time, you may learn the way to get to school, but
  have no reason to demonstrate this knowledge.
  However, when your friend gets sick one day and
  you have to drive yourself for the first time, if
  you can get to school following the same route
  you would go if your friend was driving, then you
  have demonstrated latent learning.

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What ever happened to Little Albert?

• http//www.apa.org/monitor/2010/01/little-albert.a
  spx