European Colonization

1
European Colonization

• Chapter 15 Lesson 3

2
Early Colonization

• James Cook
• European explorer who was looking for a northern
  passage.
• He actually found the Sandwich Islands.
• Later they were renamed the Hawaiian Islands.
• Europeans began to look for faster passages to
  the east.
• On their expeditions they made contact with new
  peoples.

3
Early Colonization

• Europeans were interested in finding new trade
  routes or new sources of trade goods.
• They often wanted to use the resources at the new
  land.
• Gold
• Silver
• Ivory
• Also wanted to cultivate crops that they could
  export from there.

4
Early Colonization

• Europeans encouraged people to settle in the
  newly conquered lands.
• Called colonies
• Physically separate from-but under the control
  of-another country.
• Used an economic policy called mercantilism.
• Country uses colonies to obtain raw materials to
  make into products.
• Colonies served as new markets and could only
  trade with the ruling country
• Made the ruling country more wealthy and
  powerful.

5
Portugal and Spain

• Portugal had begun exploring in the early 1400s.
• When Portugal and Spain looked to the Americas
  they had an additional aim
• Colonization
• Portugal settled their first colony Brazil
• Only after other European countries threatened to
  take it from them.
• Many Portuguese who didnt own land in Portugal
  moved to Brazil and started sugar plantations.
• Forced the Native Americans to work for them.

6
Portugal and Spain

• Spanish formed a colony in the region where they
  had defeated the Aztecs.
• Had a system known as ecomienda
• Allowed certain colonists the right to demand
  labor from the Native Americans in a certain
  area.
• By 1550 Spain controlled
• Mexico, Central America, part of South America,
  islands in the Caribbean, and part of present day
  southwestern United States.

7
English Colonies

• People began to think seriously about
  colonization.
• Merchants and other wealthy people saw colonies
  as a great source of new wealth.
• Religious and polital freedom.
• The first successful English colony in North
  America was established in Jamestown in 1607.
• Planned by a group of investors who hoped it
  would bring them wealth.
• England had established 13 colonies in North
  America by 1732.

8
English Colonies

• British also set up a colony in Australia.
• At New South Wales in 1788
• Many of the colonist were convicts.
• Great Britain shipped criminals out of the
  country to relieve crowding in British prisons.

9
French Colonies

• Jacques Carier in the 1530s led to Frances
  claim of Canada.
• Disappointed when explorers were unable to find
  the mineral riches the Spanish had found in
  Mexico and Peru.
• Canada offered other riches.
• Beaver pelts
• 1608 France founded its first settlement in North
  America
• Quebec
• During the 1700s the French settled southern
  Canada and modern day Louisiana.

10
French Colonies

• Clashes over land rights between the Native
  Americans, the French, and the British led to war
  in 1763
• French and Indian War
• Great Britain defeated the French and the Native
  Americans seven years later, gaining all of
  Canada.

11
The Slave Trade

• Demand for workers increased as time went by.
• Many Native Americans were dying from overwork,
  disease, and cruel treatment.
• European merchants began to transport slaves from
  Africa to work in America.
• At first these captives were treated fairly and
  might one day expect to gain their freedom.
• Europeans purchased captives from African leaders.

12
The Slave Trade

• Africans were first brought to Virginia in 1619.
• Regarded as servants
• Bound to a master who paid the ship captain for
  transporting them for a period of years.
• By the 1640s most Africans brought to the
  colonies were slaves.

13
The Slave Trade

• In 1672, England set up the Royal African
  Company.
• Triangular Trade
• Sold manufactured goods to leaders in West Africa
  in exchange for slaves.
• Slaves were transported to the West Indies where
  they were sold for sugar cane.
• Sugar cane was shipped to New England to be made
  into rum and other manufactured goods.

14
The Middle Passage

• The Middle Passage
• Journey of the slave ships across the Atlantic
  from Africa to America.
• Slaves were packed tightly into the holds of
  ships and chained together.
• Suffered intense heat, painful illness, poor
  living conditions, and rough seas.
• Many would die in the 4 to 6 week passage.

15
The Slave Trade

• To the colonist, slaves were nothing but
  property.
• Almost no hope of gaining freedom.
• Most slaves ended up on plantations.
• Colonies passed severe law codes that totally
  deprived African American slaves of any legal
  rights.