Forerunner The League of Nations

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Forerunner The League of Nations

• Established in 1919 under the Treaty of
  Versailles
• to promote international cooperation and to
  achieve peace and security
• Direct response to the atrocities of the First
  World War
• Initiative of President Wilson of the USA
  (Fourteen Points plan for peace)

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League of Nations Failure

• Reasons
• Membership excluded the United States
• 2. No powerful instruments available to resolve
  conflicts and to control the behavior of
  memberstates.
• No armed forces available
• Only boycotts (economic sanctions)
• Examples of Failures
• Japanese invasion in Manchuria (part of China)
  in 1931
• Italian invasion in Ethiopia in 1935

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Founding of the United Nations

• Name first used in "Declaration by United
  Nations" of 1 January 1942, during WW II 26
  nations pledged to continue fighting together
  against Hitler.
• August-October 1944 China, USA, Sovjet Union,
  United Kingdom and France discuss forming United
  Nations.
• June 1945 Meeting in San Francisco by
  representatives of 50 countries to sign the UN
  charter at June 26th
• 24 October 1945 start of United Nations.

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The United Nations Charter

• WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED
• to save succeeding generations from the scourge
  of war ()
• to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in
  the dignity and worth of the human person, in the
  equal rights of men and women and of nations
  large and small, and ()
• HAVE RESOLVED TO COMBINE OUR EFFORTS TO
  ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMS
• Accordingly, our respective Governments, through
  representatives assembled in the city of San
  Francisco, who have exhibited their full powers
  found to be in good and due form, have agreed to
  the present Charter of the United Nations and do
  hereby establish an international organization to
  be known as the United Nations.

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The structure of the United Nations

• The U.N. charter
• The United Nations resolutions.
• The United Nations mandates
• The United Nations Family

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THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM
Detailed chart available at http//www.un.org/abou
tun/chart.html
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United Nations at work

• The six principal organs of the United Nations,
  are the
• General Assembly
• Security Council
• Economic and Social Council
• Trusteeship Council
• International Court of Justice
• Secretariat.
• The United Nations family, however, is much
  larger, encompassing 15 agencies and several
  programmes and bodies.

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Kofi Annan
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Secretariat

• Takes care of day-to-day work of the U.N.
• Secretary General appointed by the G.A. for a
  five- year renewable term.
• Duties range from administering peacekeeping
  operations to preparing studies etcetera.
• Staff of about 8.900. Offices all over the world

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General Assembly

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General Assembly

• The United Nations main deliberative body.
• Composed of representatives of all Member States
• About 190 Member States today
• Each member State has one vote
• Decisions on important issues (such as those on
  peace and security and budgetary matters) require
  a two-third majority.
• Decisions on other questions are reached by a
  simple majority

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How does the G.A. work?

• September opening new (annual) session general
• debate.
• September- December work divided over six main
• committees and several special commissions
• December end annual session. Votes cast
• over proposed resolutions.
• December-September work taken care of by the six
• committees special commissions etcetera. When
  necessary
• emergency meetings of the G.A. take place.

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Six MAIN COMMITTEES

• First Committee Disarmament and International
  Security Committee
• Second Committee Economic and Financial
  Committee
• Third Committee Social, Humanitarian and
  Cultural Committee
• Fourth Committee Special Political and
  Decolonization Committee
• Fifth Committee Administrative and Budgetary
  Committee
• Sixth Committee Legal Committee

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Security Council

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Security council

• Primary responsible for the maintenance of
  international peace and security
• 5 permanent members with the right to veto
  China, France, Great Britain, Russian Federation,
  USA.
• 10 rotating members (5 of which are elected every
  two years by the G.A.)
• Meetings where and when necessary

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Power

• General Assemblee
• Resolutions have a recommendatory status.
• Security Council
• The Resolutions approved by the Security Council
  are binding.
• Under the Charter, the Security Council has the
  authority and power
• to call on Members to apply economic sanctions
  and other measures not involving the use of force
  to prevent or stop aggression
• to take military action against an aggressor

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THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM

• UN Peacekeeping Missions
• UN Economic and Social Commissions
• International Criminal Tribunal

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