The Ottoman Empire and the Interwar Period

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The Ottoman Empire and the Interwar Period
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The Rise of Islam (634 CE)The Arab Empire
(634-1258)

• Arabs conquer the Middle East from the Roman
  Empire.
• Islam replaces Christianity as the dominant
  religion.
• Arab Muslims build a huge empire by controlling
  Mideast trade
• Christians from Europe now must pay Muslim
  traders to buy goods from Asia.
• Europe is a poor continent Middle East is the
  center of learning and civilization.

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The Arab Empire (634-1258)
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The Silk Road

• All major trade routes go through the Middle East
• Whoever controls the region charges fees on
  everything that travels through.
• Huge amounts of wealth flow into the Middle East
  through trade.
• Most valuable items include
• Silk
• Spices

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• Ottoman Turks Conquer the Middle East
• The Ottoman Turks are an Islamic but non-Arabic
  people living in what is today Turkey.
• Beginning in the 1200s the Ottomans started to
  gain power and build an empire. Allowed people to
  practice their own religion.
• They were fine soldiers and gained land easily.
  They had a more superior military organization
  than other empires.

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Ottoman Turks

• This empire eventually
• united most of the Middle
• East and North Africa.
• It encompassed much of
• what had once been the
• Islamic and the Christian
• Byzantine Empires.
• Turkish expansion reached its peak in the 16th
  century.

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The Beginning of the End

• Tensions rise between Muslim Ottomans and
  Christians in Europe. Christians dont want to
  pay fees on goods brought in from Asia
• European merchants dont have to pay Ottoman fees
  if they go around the Middle East. Major trade
  routes no longer run through the Middle East they
  go around Africa to avoid the Ottomans.
• Middle East becomes very poor as European Empires
  control world trade routes
• Ottoman Empire shrinks and is bankrupt by 1900 CE
• The Middle East is a poor region that no one
  cares much about.

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End of Ottoman Empire

• The Ottoman Empire lasted until the 20th century,
  lasting almost 600 years.
• However, the Ottomans did not modernize like the
  rest of the world.
• They were economically, socially, and militarily
  falling behind.
• Unlike the previous Muslim Empires they did not
  value education and cultural achievement.
• By the nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire was
  shrinking.
• Indeed, by time of the beginning of World War I,
  the Ottoman Empire, weakened and collapsing
  through the slow loss of territory, was regarded
  as "the sick man of Europe and Asia, though it
  still remained a political power in Europe and
  the Middle East.

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The Great WarWWI (1914-1918)

• WWI breaks out in Europe in 1914
• Russia, Britain, and France vs. Germany, Austria,
  and the Ottoman Empire
• Why would the Ottomans choose to fight on the
  side of the Germans?

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Reasons for Joining the Central Powers

• Germany had won early battles in war and believed
  the Central Powers would win the war.
• Russia badly wanted Ottoman land and the Ottomans
  hoped Germany would stop Russia from taking over
  their land.
• The Ottomans owe money to British and French
  money which held major Ottoman resources
• They also joined the Central Powers to gain
  needed technology from the Germans.

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Ottoman Empire 1915-1918

• Outgunned
• Undermanned
• Industry couldnt keep up
• Eventually defeated by British invasions into
  modern day Iraq and Russia from the north

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Dissolution of Ottoman Empire

• Germany loses and the Ottoman Empire is dissolved
  and partitioned (divided) among the Allied Powers
• The Holy Land is occupied by Britain and France
• Nationalist Groups want independence (those that
  were friendly to England were put in charge).
• Turkey gains independence

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How did the Ottoman empire end? The Europeans
destroyed their strengths.
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Ottoman Strength 1 Control of trade.
Europeans broke this strength by going around
Africa and gaining control of trade.
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Ottoman Strength 2 Wealth
Discovery of the New World leads to great wealth
for Europe from the gold and silver found there.
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Ottoman Strength 3 Technology
The technology of Europeans surpassed the Ottoman
superiority especially in production of guns,
munitions and other products necessary for war.
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Colonial Powers Were Planning to Grab What They
Could of a Collapsing Ottoman Empire.
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Territory remaining in the Ottoman Empire (green)
by start of WWI
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• During the Interwar Period from the end of the
  First World War (1914-18) to the beginning of the
  Second World War (1939 1945), the Paris Peace
  Conference parceled out former Ottoman
  territories to the victorious nations for
  administration.
• The territories were called mandates, a term
  that was meant to signify that the European
  countries were not establishing colonies, but
  instead were assisting these countries in moving
  toward self-government and independence.
• The European countries were to administer the
  mandates under the guidance of the newly-formed
  League of Nations.

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League of Nations

• The League of Nations, a forerunner of the United
  Nations (UN), supervised the governing countries
  in the administration of the territories. The
  League expected the governing countries to
  improve living conditions in the territories, and
  to prepare the people for self-government.
• Britain received mandates for Mesopotamia (later
  renamed Iraq) and Palestine. Palestine was later
  divided into Palestine and Transjordan (later
  renamed Jordan).
• France received Syria, which was later divided
  into Syria and Lebanon.

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What is a protectorate?

• Protectorate- A relationship between a strong
  sovereign nation and a weak nation or area not
  recognized as a nation.
• Once the strong nation has established a
  protectorate over a weak nation, it can control
  the latter's affairs.
• Also the relation of a strong state toward a
  weaker state or territory that it protects and
  partly controls.

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Problems with the division of the Middle East

• Many Nationalist groups not granted independence
• Boundaries are drawn indiscriminately
• No attention paid to tribal lands
• Result Arabs are distrustful of European powers
  especially the British. They were promised
  independent Arab nations if they revolted against
  the Turks. This did not happen!!

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