The Persian Empire

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The Persian Empire

• Around 500 BC, the Mainland Greeks supported the
  Ionia colonies in their failed revolt against
  Persia. As a result, the Persians sought to
  punish the Greek mainland.

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The Archaic Period

• Sea routes across the Mediterranean were
  established.
• The alphabet of the Phoenicians was adopted.
• The process of coining money was adopted from the
  Lydians.

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The Polis

• Comprised of the Greek city-state and its
  surrounding countryside.
• Unlike city-states in the Near east, the polis
  evolved politically into a wellspring of democracy

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Hoplites

• Heavily armed foot soldiers.
• Equipment was standardized instead of each
  soldier using different weapons.
• With the same weapons, tactics could be upgraded.
• The phalanx became the main formation.

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• Because hoplites came from the ranks of common
  people, aristocrats became less important.
• Eventually, the common classes realized their
  importance and began to demand a voice in
  government, usually supporting a tyrant.
• As people grew tired of tyrants, the idea of
  electing officials became more popular,
  especially in Athens.

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Greek Women

• Women were unable to vote or hold property. They
  were not legally recognized without a male family
  member.
• They were prized because they reproduced new
  citizens. They also focused on homemaking.
• Unmarried women had more freedom of movement and
  more economic freedom, but they were considered
  respectable.

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Greek slavery

• Slaves had no legal status at all. They were
  usually captured POWs.
• In Sparta, they were known as helots. Helots were
  closer to serfs than to chattel slaves.

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Draconian

• An Athenian scribe whose law code became known
  for its harsh penalties. However, they protected
  the lower classes from abuse at the hands of the
  nobility. Thus, they were a step toward civil
  rights.

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Solon

• Greek reformer.
• He canceled debts, forbade debt bondage, and
  freed Greek citizens from debt slavery.
• He gave all citizens the right to vote.
• He is credited with establishing the foundation
  of Athenian democracy. His name today is
  synonymous with wisdom.

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Cleisthenes

• He further reformed Athens by dividing the
  political body into ten divisions (or tribe).
  Each tribe chose representatives. The idea of
  group representation became permanent in Athens.

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Sparta

• As Spartan society became more and more focused
  on the military, they devoted less and less to
  art, literature, and poetry.
• Their social structure remained very rigid. Their
  largest social group were the helots, who had
  practically no power.

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The Battle of Marathon

• 10,000 Greek hoplites defeated a Persian force
  nearly twice as large. This battle halted the
  first great Persian invasion of Greece.

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The Legend of Pheidippides
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Themistocles

• After the first Persian invasion of Greece, the
  Greek statesman Themistocles began to call for
  Athens to expand the size of its navy. A silver
  mine had recently been discovered and many
  Athenians wanted to use the money to build new
  temples. His strategy would be the right one and
  would ultimately save Greece.

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Greek Triremes
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Thermopylae
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Thermopylae

• 300 Spartans and 7,000 of their allies held a
  narrow pass along the coast for three days before
  the Persians got behind them. This battle bought
  the city of Athens a bit more time to prepare for
  the Persian onslaught.

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Salamis
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Salamis

• The Athenians abandoned their city and retreated
  to the island of Salamis. There, Themistocles led
  a combined Greek fleet to a smashing victory. The
  Greeks used boarding parties to destroy the
  Persian crews. Without a navy to support his
  army, Xerxes was forces to withdraw back into
  Asia.

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The Delian League
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The Peloponnesian War 431-404 BC

• As the power of Athens grew due to its
  leadership of the Delian League, the Spartans
  became fearful and created their own alliance
  system.

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The Athenian Walls

• In the early part of the war, the Spartans
  controlled the land while the Athenians
  controlled the seas. To keep the Spartans out,
  the Athenians built a long wall to connect the
  city to its port. In 430 a plague struck Athens,
  killing 30,000 citizens. This plagues eventually
  helped to cause the Athenian defeat in this war.

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Phillip II of Macedon

• The Peloponnesian War ended in 404 with Sparta in
  control of Greece. However, all of Greece had
  been weakened. This opened the way for the
  conquest of all Greece by the Macedonians

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Zeus (Jupiter)

• King of the gods. God of thunder and lightning.
  Brother of Poseidon and Hades. Husband of Hera.
  Destroyed his father (Cronus) with a sickle.
  Ruler of the titans. Loves women and has various
  relationships throughout Greek mythology, an idea
  which was not as frowned upon in Hellenistic
  society as it is today.

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Hera (Juno)

• Goddess of marriage, family, motherhood and queen
  of the gods. Zeus' jealous wife.

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Apollo

• God of the sun (light), music, healing, prophecy,
  and poetry.

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Athena (Minerva)

• Goddess of wisdom, crafts, defensive warfare, and
  the patron of Athens.

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Poseidon (Neptune)

• God of the sea, horses and earthquakes. Brother
  of Hades and Zeus

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Hades (Pluto or Orcus)

• God of the Dead and lord of the Underworld and of
  the riches found within the earth. Brother of
  Poseidon and Zeus.

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Aphrodite (Venus)

• Goddess of love and beauty.

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Artemis (Diana)

• Goddess of The Moon, hunting and archery. Twin
  sister of Apollo.

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Eros (Cupid)

• God of love.

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Ares (Mars)

• God of war, vengeance, anger

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Dionysus (Bacchus)

• God of wine, social influence

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Pan

• God of shepherds, mountains, and wild places

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Delphi

• The chief oracle in all of Greece

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Mt. Olympus
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The Olympics
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Wooden votive tablet found, together with other
similar ones, in a cave near Corinth. A rare
specimen of Greek painting in the Archaic period
(540 BCE), it represents a sacrificial scene. To
the right is the altar which the worshippers
approach with their offerings. A small boy leads
the sacrificial animal (a lamb). All the
participants are crowned with garlands in
accordance with ritual ceremony. The two youthful
figures immediately behind the boy play on a
kithara and a flute, the others hold branches.
National Museum, Athens.
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Sophists

• Sophists were traveling teachers who taught for a
  price. Their chief traits were skepticism and
  relativism. They believed humans could never know
  truth because what was right for one might be
  wrong for another.
• Eventually the sophists came to regard right and
  wrong as indistinguishable. To them, the only
  thing that mattered was mastery of debate, so
  that today the word sophistry applies to someone
  who uses an argument that is deceptive.

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Socrates

• Socrates believed that absolute values did exist,
  and could be found through dialectic. By
  questioning others and then examining their
  responses for truth, he developed a reputation as
  a gadfly.
• He was accused of corrupting the youth of Athens
  and put on trial. According to Athenian law, he
  drank hemlock

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Plato

• Plato pointed out the difference between the five
  senses and truth. In other words, just because
  your senses cant know something doesnt mean you
  know the truth.
• Therefore, the only source of truth was the world
  of ideas or philosophy.

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Aristotle

• A student of Plato and a tutor of Alexander the
  Great, he rejected Platos belief in separate
  realities. He argued that observation of nature,
  combined with logic, offered the best source of
  truth. He was regarded as the master of truth
  until the Enlightenment.

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Greek Philosophy accomplished two things
providing an option to blind religious faith, and
establishing a method of thinking that would last
until the present
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Homer

• Homer marks the beginning of Greek literature
  with his Iliad and Odyssey. Generations of Greek
  children learned their own language through his
  works.
• Also, his writings are a Greek equivalent of a
  Holy Book. From them, the Greeks learned to
  value moral and physical excellence.

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Aesop

• Aesops fables reflect the practical wisdom of
  rural people, showing common sense and wisdom
  existed outside the philosophers of the
  city-states.

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Lyric Poetry

• What made Greek lyric poetry different from that
  of the Near East is that the Greek poets
  reflected a sense of self-awareness. Greek poetry
  was personal

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Drama

• Drama evolved from the lyric poems, when people
  acting out the words that the poet would sing.
• Actors wore masks there was initially little in
  the way of props. Later however, props became
  elaborate.

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Aeschylus

• The Orestrian trilogy is made up of Agamemnon,
  Libation Bearers, and Eumenides.
• Aeschylus focused on questions of crime and
  punishment, a subject that would influence the
  Romans.
• (R) Orestes

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Sophocles

• Oedipus at Colonus
• In the works of Oedipus, characters learn not to
  challenge their limitations or the gods.
• Oedipus Rex is his most famous play.

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Greek comedies

• The Greek comedies were exceedingly satirical,
  poking fun at nearly anything and anybody in
  Greek culture, including religion, generals, and
  philosophers.
• This demonstrates the remarkable amount of free
  speech in Athens especially, a forerunner of our
  own.

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Herodotus

• Herodotus, while called the father of history,
  allowed his histories to be filled with
  half-truths and depictions of supernatural
  occurrence as fact.
• However, he changed the way histories were
  written. His writing was thoughtful, comparative,
  and read like a narrative, much different than
  the styles of history in the near-east.
• (L) Herodotus map of the world.

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Thucydides

• (R) Herodotus and Thucydides
• Thucydides comes much closer to modern standards
  of history. He was skeptical of the supernatural,
  and believed the purpose of history was the
  provide an accurate record of the past.

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The Parthenon

• The Parthenon, with its perfect symmetry and
  proportion, was a symbol of mankinds dominance
  over the chaos and unpredictability of nature.

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Philip II of Macedon

• Macedon had huge reserves of manpower and natural
  resources, a sleeping giant.
• Philip reformed the army and increases its size
  to more than 25,000.
• He built cities and redistributed land.
• He also promoted intellectual and artistic growth.

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Alexanders Conquests
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Battle at the Hydaspes River

• This battle marked the most eastward penetration
  of the Greeks. After this battle, Alexanders
  troops practically mutinied and demanded the go
  back home.

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• Alexander began to wear Persian dress and to
  demand that his subjects grovel and bow before
  him. Many Greeks felt that he was adopting an
  inferior, effeminate culture.

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• The empire was divided into three parts Macedon
  and Greece, the Seleucid Empire, and Ptolemaic
  Kingdom

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The Parthian kingdom
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Hellenistic Trade Goods

• Grain from Egypt, the Black Sea, and Sicily
• Olive Oil from Greece
• Wines from Ionian and Syria
• Fish, cheese, fruit, glass, timber, dyes, paper,
  marble, and precious incense.

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Euclid the Father of Geometry

• His textbook The Elements is the most successful
  in the history of mathematics, influencing later
  Muslim and Medieval scholars.
• Euclidean geometry was the standard for two
  millennia

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Archimedes

• A great inventor whose works amazed the ancients.
• He worked on the geometry of spheres and cones
  and established the value of pi.
• He discovered the principle of buoyancy he was
  so excited, he ran through the streets naked
  shouting Eureka!

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Eratosthenes

• Accurately calculated the circumference of the
  earth.
• He also devised a system of longitude and
  latitude.
• He created a map of the known world.

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Claudius Ptolemy the geocentric theory
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The Library at Alexandria
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Mystery religions

• People began to seek religions that offered more
  self-worth and individual comfort. As a result,
  cults sprang up, such as the Cult of Isis. Drugs,
  alcohol, and sex often were used to help bring
  the supplicant closer to the deity.

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Stoicism

• Founded by Zeno (R)
• To be virtuous, one must be wise.
• A wise person must be in harmony with nature and
  reason.
• External, non-natural problems like sickness and
  death cannot harm a wise person.
• Stoicism has thus come to mean a person who
  ignores hardship

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Epicureanism

• Epicurus claimed that all our actions should be
  aimed at minimizing pain. This could be
  accomplished by maximizing pleasure. The famous
  Epicurean saying Eat, drink, and be merry, for
  tomorrow you may die.