Civil War- present

1
United States History Review

• Civil War- present

2
The Civil War 1861-1865

• Northern Advantages
• Established military and government
• Industry and railroads (85 of factories, 70 of
  rails)
• 800,00 immigrants during the war, many of whom
  enlisted
• Northern Disadvantages
• Had to WIN the war
• Moving troops long distances to the battlefield

• Southern Advantages
• Motivated military with exceptional leadership
• Fighting a defensive war, a TIE and they win
• Southern Disadvantages
• Ironically, they lacked a strong central
  government to lead organize the war
• Limited industry and rails
• Inability to win foreign support

3
The War

• The North planned to blockade the Southern ports
  (Anaconda plan)
• In addition, they planned to cut the South in 2
  by taking the Mississippi River
• Originally the North thought the war might last a
  few months
• This was quickly dispelled at the Battle of Bull
  Run
• The Northern forces were routed and retreated to
  Washington, DC
• Antietam Creek saw the single bloodiest day of
  battle as 22,000 were killed or wounded
• With the North struggling in 1862, Lincoln
  announced the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing
  the slaves in rebelling states
• This changed the war from saving the union to
  freeing the slaves

4
The War

• 1863 was a turning point as the Southern economy
  had soured
• Vicksburg and Gettysburg were decisive battles
  won by the North
• General Shermans march through the South
  solidified Northern victory and was the beginning
  of the end
• Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse in April
  of 1865
• 5 days later Lincoln was killed by John Wilkes
  Booth
• Lincoln had planned a reconciliation with the
  South, with malice toward none, and charity for
  all
• This was not necessarily a policy adopted by
  Congressional Republicans following Lincolns
  death

5
Domestic Policy during the War

• With the South gone Northern legislators were
  able to pass high tariffs to help industry
• Additionally Northern legislators passed
• The Homestead Act (1861) granted land in 160 acre
  increments to families that would farm for 5
  years
• Morill land Grant Act encouraged states to
  develop colleges with money from the sale of
  federal lands
• Pacific Railway Act authorized a transcontinental
  railroad

6
Reconstruction

• Lincolns Plan would readmit Southerners than
  took a loyalty oath and accepted emancipation
• States would be readmitted when 10 of the
  population had taken the oath
• Congress passed the Wade-Davis Bill that required
  50, but Lincoln gave it a pocket veto
• They also established the Freedmens Bureau in
  March, 1865
• With Lincolns death the Reconstruction fell to
  Andrew Johnson from Tennessee

7
Reconstruction

• Under Johnsons plan all 11 states were back in
  the Union
• Johnson was very lenient to former Confederate
  leaders, pardoning many and giving them
  citizenship
• The former Confederate Vice-President actually
  was elected to the Senate from Georgia
• Southern Black Codes further strained the
  Republicans in Congress by
• Prohibiting blacks from renting or borrowing
  money to buy land
• Forcing blacks to sign work contracts
• Blacks could not testify against whites in court

8
Reconstruction

• Johnson stoked the radical republican fires by
  vetoing legislation designed to expand the
  Freedmans Bureau and a civil rights bill
• Republicans won an overwhelming majority in
  Congress in the midterm election in 1866
• This allowed the Radical Republicans to now
  dominate Reconstruction
• The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was the first act
  passed, followed by the 14th Amendment, and the
  Reconstruction Acts of 1867
• Most of these were over the vetoes of Johnson

9
Johnsons Impeachment

• Johnson was impeached by the House of
  Representatives in 1867
• He was charged with high crimes and
  misdemeanors
• The charges were largely of a political nature as
  he was hated by Congressional Republicans
• Johnsons political enemies fell one vote short
  in an 1868 trial of removing him from office
• Some moderate Republicans thought it a bad idea
  to remove Johnson for political reasons

10
The End of Reconstruction

• War hero Ulysses Grant was elected in 1868
• Grant won with the help of 500,000 votes from
  freed slaves
• In response to this the Republican Congress
  passed the 15th Amendment in 1869
• The Civil Rights Act of 1875 guaranteed equal
  accommodations, but was poorly enforced
• Reconstruction ended with the Compromise of 1877.
• This gave Hayes the Presidency as long as he
  pulled troops from the South

11
The Last of the West and the New South

• 1865-1900

12
The Settlement of the West

• The west was now a crisscross of railway,
  homestead fences and was growing new towns
• The discovery of gold in 1849 led to the first
  real flood of settlers to the West
• These western mines were usually staffed by at
  least 1/3 foreign born employees, experienced
  miners from Europe and Asia
• This was the reason for the 1st of the
  anti-foreigner laws- a Miners Tax of 20/ month
  on all foreign employees
• Pressure from the Westerners also led to the
  passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882
• These mines vastly increased the amount of gold
  and silver available which was to lead to the
  gold/silver debates in the coming decades.

13
Native American Policies

• About 2/3rds of the Western Indians lived in the
  Great Plains
• The encroachment of American cattlemen and
  Homesteaders increasingly drove the Natives into
  smaller and smaller lands
• Jacksons reservation policy of the 1830s
  disintegrated with the opening of Oklahoma to
  settlers in 1889
• A new policy of assimilation was floated in the
  late 1800s. This policy was designed to bring
  Natives into American culture
• It was codified into law in the Dawes Act of 1887

14
The New South following the Civil War

• The New South movement was created by Henry Grady
  of the Atlanta Constitution.
• It argued for economic diversity and capitalism
  without government intervention
• Cheap labor was the draw for many businesses to
  relocate
• Despite cities like Birmingham (steel), Memphis
  (lumber) and Richmond (tobacco) much of the South
  remained poor and agricultural due to the late
  start at industry and a poorly trained workforce

• Segregation continued to handcuff Southern
  progress
• In the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson the
  Supreme Court ruled that separate but equal
  facilities were legally permissible
• Jim Crow Laws followed this decision and set up a
  segregated that would legally last until 1954
• The New South also restricted the civil rights of
  the newly freed former slaves
• Literacy tests, poll taxes and grandfather
  clauses were used to restrict voting rights

15
Farm Problems of the late 1800s

• Mechanization was a blessing and a curse for most
  farmers
• It allowed them to cultivate significantly more
  land and produce a greater crop
• Unfortunately this also led to an overproduction
  of crops that drove prices down
• Farmers had borrowed heavily to obtain the
  equipment and land to farm and now prices were
  too low to pay back mortgages and loans
• Additionally the railroad pools were gouging the
  small farmer on prices to ship goods to Eastern
  markets

16
Farmers Organize Protest

• Granger and Alliance Movements were developed
  originally to aid and educate individual farmers
• They developed into more coherent political
  bodies through time and came to form the Populist
  Party
• They were successful in getting the Interstate
  Commerce Act passed in 1886 an attempt to
  control the railroads
• This created the first government regulatory
  agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission

17
The Rise of Laissez-Faire

• Laissez Faire capitalism advocated for a hands
  off approach to regulating business
• Social Darwinism was thought to rule the world of
  business, those most able would rise to the top
• Another attempt to justify consolidation was the
  Gospel of Wealth. This said that wealth was the
  clearest sign of Gods favor for your hard work

18
Impact of Industrialization

• Concentration of Wealth
• A few industrialists became fabulously wealthy
• The Horatio Alger Myth portrayed hard working
  young individuals that made it rich through
  diligence. This was just a myth.
• The expanding middle class
• Corporations created the need for salaried,
  white-collar workers as well, these individuals
  increased the demand for basic services
• Working women
• 1 in 5 adult women were in the workforce in 1900

19
My country, is of thee, Once land of liberty, of
thee I sing. Land of the Millionaire, Farmers
with pockets bare caused by that cursed snare,--
The Money Ring

• The Gilded Age of Politics
• 1877-1900

20
The Gilded Age

• The Gilded Age was a phrase coined by Mark Twain
  to characterize the years following the Civil
  War.
• Twain used this term referred to the superficial
  glitter of the age that covered the corruption
  not to far below the surface
• The era was largely devoid of any meaningful
  legislation and little differentiation between
  the parties
• The goal of politics was to gain office not to
  affect change, but to pass out spoils.

21
Causes of the Gilded Age Stalemate

• The belief in limited government
• Laissez faire and Social Darwinism contributed to
  the idea that government should do as little as
  possible.
• Campaign Strategy
• Due to the limited differences in party ideology,
  it was considered very risky to stray to far away
  from the center. Therefore no strong positions
  were taken on any issues.
• Party Patronage
• The distribution of jobs and favors became a way
  to elicit power and influence, more so than
  through the voters

22
The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act

• President Garfields assassination by a
  disgruntled office seeker in 1881 led to a
  significant reevaluation of the federal
  government
• Public outrage over the Spoils System led to the
  Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act which set up
  competitive examinations for government jobs.
• One downside of the act was that it forced
  politicians to rely more on the rich to fund
  campaigns

23
Harrison and the Billion-Dollar Congress

• The Election of 1888
• Cleveland introduces the first real issue between
  Democrats and Republicans in years-tariffs
• Republicans carried the day by rallying Northern
  business and labor with the idea that a low
  tariff would ruin industrial interests.
• The Billion-Dollar Congress
• passed the 1st billion dollar budget
• McKinley Tariff, Sherman Anti-Trust and Sherman
  Silver Purchase
• Also increases in pensions to Civil War vets

24
The Rise of the Populists

• The Omaha Platform
• This was the platform of the Populist Party
• It included
• Direct election of senators
• Initiative and referendum
• Unlimited coinage of silver
• Graduated income tax
• Public ownership of rails
• 8 hour workdays
• James Weaver became one of the few 3rd Party
  candidates to ever win electoral votes
• Cleveland returned to office, in large part due
  to discontent with the McKinley tariff

25
We are Anglo-Saxons, and must obey our blood and
occupy new markets, and, if necessary, new lands

• American Foreign Policy
• 1865-1914

26
International Darwinism

• This was also known as imperialism, the idea that
  stronger nations should gain economic or
  political control over others for the stronger
  nations good
• Many also advocated for imperialism because they
  felt it would improve the dominated nation as
  well
• Missionaries, some politicians, advocates of
  naval power and the press were all strong
  supporters of imperialism
• Additionally, many felt it was simply an
  extension of the idea of Manifest Destiny

27
Latin America

• The Monroe Doctrine in 1820 clearly spelled out
  American views on Latin America
• One of the principal applications of the doctrine
  came in 1895 and 1896. A dispute between
  Venezuela and Britain was forced to the
  negotiating table by Grover Clevelands
  insistence that the U.S. would use force to keep
  Britains military at bay.
• Many other examples of American intervention
  ensued in Latin America

28
American Intervention in Latin America

• The Spanish-American War
• Started at the behest of the American press
  (yellow journalism) and as a result of jingoism
  the United States removed the last vestiges of
  the former Spanish Empire in the Western
  Hemisphere
• McKinley finally relented to public pressure and
  the press by sending a war message to Congress
  asking for a declaration. It contained 4 key
  provisions
• Put an end to Spanish barbities, bloodshed,
  starvation, and horrible miseries in Cuba
• Protect U.S. citizens in Cuba
• End the serious injury to commerce
• End the constant menace to our peace

29
The Election of 1900

• The Republicans nominated McKinley, with
  Roosevelt as VP
• The Democrats again nominate William Jennings
  Bryan
• Bryan argued against the growing imperialism of
  the U.S.
• The growing U.S. economy convinced voters that
  McKinley deserved another round as President

30
The Open Door Policy in China

• Several nations had opened spheres of influence
  in the rapidly deteriorating China
• Secretary of State John Hay dispatched a note to
  the nations saying bluntly that all nations
  should be welcomed to trade in China
• In a shrewd move, since no one openly rejected
  his idea, he declared that they had all accepted

31
The Boxer Rebellion

• Xenophobia was on the rise in China with the Open
  Door.
• The Boxers attempted to throw out the foreigners
  with a campaign of terror
• The U.S. and others sent the military to protect
  property and lives
• The U.S. feared the an end to Chinese
  independence and Hay sent another round of notes
• These were designed to ensure free trade in China
  and to protect territorial integrity

32
The Big Stick and Roosevelt

• Following McKinleys assassination in 1900,
  Roosevelt takes office
• Roosevelts policy was to speak softly and carry
  a big stick, the big stick of course was the
  U.S. Navy.
• The Roosevelt Corollary was added to the Monroe
  Doctrine in 1904
• This stated that the U.S. would intervene to
  protect the interests of any Latin American
  nation.

33
I am , therefore a Progressive because we have
not kept up with our own changes of condition,
either in the economic field or in the political
field

• The Progressive Era
• 1901-1918

34
Origins of Progressivism

• The origins of Progressivism can be found in the
  changing nature of American society
• The country had changed from a relatively
  homogenous, farming society to a mixed ethnicity,
  industrial society
• In addition, the country had historically been
  distrustful of Big Business and there was an
  increasing gap between the rich and the poor
• The final idea was the rise of corruption and
  graft in political machines

35
Who were the Progressives?

• Unlike the Populists of the previous century that
  were rural, the Progressives were largely middle
  class, urban dwellers
• These white-collar professionals were concerned
  about the impact of poverty and a lack of
  education on democratic principles
• The Progressive movement was not limited to a
  particular party. Republicans Roosevelt, Taft
  and LaFollette and Democrats Wilson and Bryan
  carried the Progressive torch

36
Progressive Philosophy

• A new philosophy emerged in the 20th Century that
  was contradictory to that of previous years
• This new idea was that truthand good were
  abstracts that could not be defined
• This led to the idea that society should be more
  pragmatic about its search for the right formula
• The scientific method was employed by
  Progressives as a way to govern society
• The notions of laissez-faire and rugged
  individualism seemed outdated and impractical to
  the Progressives

37
The Muckrakers

• These forerunners to investigative journalists
  used the print media to spread news about the
  evils and ills of big business and corrupt
  government
• By 1910 the power of the muckrakers was in
  decline
• Banks that financed the magazines were telling
  them to tone down the criticism and also the
  sensationalism was getting tough to top
• Muckrakers included
• Ida Tarbell The history of Standard Oil
  Company (1902)
• Lincoln Steffans Shame of the Cities (1904)
• Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives (1890)
• Frank Norris The Octopus and The Pit- Novels

38
Political Reforms in the Cities and States

• Changes in Voter Participation
• Secret Ballot- by 1910 all states were holding
  secret ballots
• Direct Primaries- candidates are chosen by party
  members voting instead of by party bosses
• Direct election of U.S. Senators- the 17th
  Amendment required direct election of Senators
• Initiative, Referendum, Recall-
• Initiative- voters can force a bill to be
  considered
• Referendum- Voters directly decide on a proposed
  law
• Recall- Voters can remove corrupt or
  unsatisfactory politicians

39
Coal Miners in 1900
40
The Square Deal

• Following McKinleys assassination in 1901,
  Roosevelt takes over as President
• The Square Deal was meant to favor neither
  business nor labor
• He demonstrated this in the 1902 coal mine
  dispute
• He called labor an management to the White House
• When owners refused to bend, Roosevelt threatened
  to operate the mines with troops
• The owners agreed to give wage hikes and lessen
  the work day
• The Square Deal also included other provisions

41
The Square Deal

• Trust Busting
• Roosevelt began to enforce the long dormant
  Sherman Anti-Trust Act, first against Northern
  Securities
• He directed the attorney general to break up more
  than 40 trusts
• Railroad Regulation
• Under the Elkins Act and the Hepburn Act,
  Roosevelt significantly improved the power of the
  ICC
• Consumer Protection
• The Muckrakers had stirred the interest of the
  public and government responded with the Pure
  Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act
• Conservation
• Roosevelt set aside 150 million acres for a
  reserve
• Passage of the Newlands Act in 1902 provided sale
  of public lands to promote irrigation in the West

42
The Presidency of Taft

• Taft was actually a more aggressive trust buster
  than his predecessor Roosevelt
• Roosevelt was upset by Tafts decision to reject
  a US Steel merger that he had approved
• By the 1910 midterm elections, Taft decided to
  fight back against the Progressives, and support
  conservative candidates
• This was a egregious error as the Progressive
  movement was at flood tide
• The above reasons led to a split in the
  Republican Party.
• Roosevelt left the Party to form the Bull-Moose
  Party to challenge Taft in 1912

43
Signs of the Times
44
The Election of 1912
45
It breaks his heart that kings must murder
still

• World War I, 1914-1918

46
The events that led to War

• June 28, Sarajevo
• A Serbian terrorist assassinates Archduke
  Francis-Ferdinand
• July 23, Vienna
• The Austrian government threatens war against
  Serbia and invades on the 27th
• August 1, Berlin
• Austrian ally Germany declares war on Serbian
  ally Russia
• August 3, Berlin
• Germany declares war on France, Russias ally,
  and invades neutral Belgium, the fastest route to
  France
• August 4, London
• Great Britain, ally of France, declares war on
  Germany

47
Public Opinion

• Public opinion was against Britain from the
  get-go
• Not only did policy favor the allies, but the
  newspapers reported the German invasion of
  Belgium, then the sinking of the Lusitania in
  1915 cemented the view that Germany was a bully
• As much as 30 of US population were 1st or 2nd
  generation immigrants, tied closely to their home
  country
• Britain also controlled the news that came from
  Europe to the US

48
The War Debate

• Most Americans favored neutrality, especially
  those who were the recent immigrants
• After the Lusitania, a small but vocal group
  started to call for intervention
• The Army and Navy were woefully unprepared for
  major combat
• Congress passed the National Defense Act in June
  1916 after vigorous campaigning from President
  Wilson
• Peace-minded Populists, Progressives and
  Socialists vehemently opposed the war and build up

49
The Election of 1916

• He kept us out of war
• This was the slogan for Wilsons re-election
  campaign
• This was ironic as Wilson asked for a declaration
  of war in April of 1917, just a month after being
  sworn in
• The decision for war had a few immediate causes
• The Zimmerman Telegram
• This was a note sent from Germany to Mexico
  offering the return of lost territories if Mexico
  would ally itself with Germany
• The Russian Revolution
• This allowed Wilson to continue with his moral
  diplomacy because autocratic Russia had been
  overthrown
• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• Germany disavowed the Sussex Pledge and returned
  to sinking ships in the Atlantic in January 1917

50
The Fourteen Points

• Wilsons plan to end the war and goals following
  the war were outlined to Congress in January 1918
• These points included
• Freedom of the seas
• An end to secret treaties
• Reduction in national armaments
• Self-determination for the countries in the
  Austro-Hungarian Empire
• A general association of nations
• This last point becomes the basis for the League
  of Nations

51
The Treaty of Versailles

• Wilson traveled to Europe for the negotiations to
  end the war, the first time an American President
  had gone to Europe for diplomacy
• Wilson angered Senate Republicans by bringing
  only one Republican with him, whose advice was
  never sought
• The Wilsonian view of peace without victory was
  not shared by his Allied counterparts
• The Big Four of Wilson, Clemenceau, George, and
  Orlando met almost daily with the outcome being
  that most of Wilsons points were compromised
• Wilson did insist upon and win the League of
  Nations

52
The Treaty of Versailles

• Peace terms in the treaty included the following
• Germany was disarmed and stripped of its colonies
  in Africa
• France was to occupy the German Rhineland for 15
  years
• Germany was to pay huge reparations
• Independence was granted to Estonia, Latvia,
  Lithuania, Finland and Poland
• Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were created
• All signers of the Treaty were to join the League
  of Nations and be willing to protect the
  territorial integrity of member nations

53
The Battle for Ratification

• The Senate leaders were still miffed at the
  rebuff of Republcans gong to Versailles
• The irreconcilables wanted no part of the
  Treaty
• They felt it was giving up American independence
  to the League
• Senator Henry Cabot Lodge was the leader of the
  reservationists, those who could accept the
  treaty with modifications
• Wilson chose to fight for the Treaty as it stood
  and set out on a nationwide campaign for it
• The Senate defeated the Treaty twice and never
  officially ended the war with Germany until 1921,
  after Wilson left office
• The US never joined the League of Nations, part
  of the reason for its eventual failure

54
Postwar Problems

• Following the war, many soldiers returned home
  and displaced African Americans and women from
  the workplace
• Additionally, military orders to factories
  declined significantly leading to a decrease in
  the workforce
• The Red Scare following the Russian Revolution
  also created problems for American Civil
  Liberties
• The Palmer raids were mass arrests of radicals,
  Socialists, and labor agitators
• 6000 people were arrested and 500 deported
• Palmers credibility was questioned when he
  predicted huge rallies that never took place and
  the Scare ended as quickly as it started

55
Significant Legislation of the Period

• 1916- National Defense Act
• Passed to build the military readiness of
  American forces in the build up to WWI
• 1917- Selective Service Act
• Passed to create a democratic method of drafting
  men into the military
• 1917- Espionage Act
• Provided for a 20 year sentence for inciting
  rebellion or interfering with the draft
• 1918- Sedition Act
• Prohibited disloyal or abusive remarks about
  the US government
• 1919- Schenk v. United States
• Upheld the Espionage Act. A man distributing
  pamphlets against the draft was convicted, in
  1919 Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes established
  the clear and present danger doctrine for
  limiting speech