European Monarchs

1
European Monarchs

• The Impact and events of the most powerful people
  in European history

2
What is a Monarch?

• A Monarch is a king or queen that rules with
  absolute power over an area or a country.
• Most Monarchs believed that they possessed the
  Divine Right to rule.
• Monarchs are also called Despots.

3
Spains Empire European Absolutism

• Charles V- Hapsburg King and the Holy Roman
  Emperor
• Philip II (Spain)- Portugal and the Armada
• The Dutch Revolt- William of Orange

4
Charles V- Ruler of Western Europe

• Was a devout Catholic
• Fought Muslims and Protestants
• Refused to agree to the Peace of Augsburg in 1555
• Retired to a monastery leaving his empire divided
  among his son and brother.

5
Philip II A Spanish Monarch

• Seized control of Portugal after their king died
  with no heir.
• Kept a huge standing army
• Defeated Muslims in the Ottoman Empire in 1571.
• Sent the huge Spanish Armada (Navy) to England to
  defeat the British Protestants he lost.
• Lost Netherlands during the Dutch Revolt.

6
The Dutch Revolt

• 1566- Angry, rebellious Calvinists began to
  destroy Catholic Churches.
• 1568- Philip II sends the Duke of Alva with an
  army to put down the rebellion.
• The Duke executed 1500 (approx) in one day.
• William of Orange rose as the rebel leader and
  defeated the Spanish at the Battle of Leiden.
• 1579- the Netherlands becomes free of the Spanish
  Empire.

7
France and Their Monarchs

• Trouble with Huguenots
• Henry IV
• Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin
• Louis XIII and Louis XIV
• War of Spanish Succession

8
Trouble in Christianity in France

• By 1560, Henry II was dead and his sons were
  young and weak.
• Their mother Catherine (Queen) did everything she
  could to ease tensions between Catholics and the
  Huguenots (French Protestants).
• There were many bloody wars fought over religion
  between 1562-1598.

9
St. Bartholomews Day Massacre-1572

• A Huguenot noble named Henry of Navarre married
  Catherines daughter in Paris.
• Many nobles were in Paris for the wedding.
• The Catholic nobles attacked and killed most of
  the Huguenot nobles.
• Started a 6 week long slaughter of Huguenots in
  France.

10
Henry IV 1st of the Bourbons

• Henry of Navarre became king of France upon the
  death of Catherines last son.
• 1598- Declared the Edict of Nantes Stated that
  Catholics and Huguenots could worship together
  peacefully.
• Strong king, rebuilt France to a great power.
• Assassinated in 1610.

11
Cardinal Richelieu

• Appointed advisor to the king by Louis XIII (a
  very weak ruler).
• Forbade the Huguenots from having walled cities
  heavily fortified manors.
• Maintained Huguenots freedom, but limited their
  power.

12
Cardinal Mazarin

• Successor to Richelieu advisor to King Louis
  XIV (who came to the thrown at age 5).
• Increased taxes strengthened the central
  government.
• There were many violent riots and protests
  against the young king and Mazarin.

13
Louis XIV

• 1661- Louis XIV receives complete control at the
  age of 23 after Mazarin dies.
• He increased the power of tax collectors and
  weakened the power of the nobles.
• Frances economy grew and became self-sufficient
  after Louis appointed Jean Baptiste Colbert as
  his Minister of Finance.
• Louis hated Huguenots, but never took action
  against them because Colbert feared it would hurt
  the economy.

14
Louis XIV Continued

• Colbert died in 1685.
• Louis cancelled the Edict of Nantes, which lifted
  the guaranteed protection of the Huguenots.
• Many Huguenots fled the country. This slowed the
  economy.
• Louis spent the countrys money on lavish things
  like the Palace of Versailles (p.521)

15
War of Spanish Succession

• Louis XIV and King Leopold I of Austria both
  wanted their son/grandson that was not next in
  line of their thrones to replace the heirless
  king of Spain (Charles II).
• Louis XIV went to war with Austria (and England
  and the Netherlands.
• The French won and Louis XIV grandson became king
  of Spain at the promise of no alliances between
  the two nations.

16
Central European Monarchs

• Groups treaties
• Thirty Years War
• Fredrick the Great- Prussia the Enlightened?
• Seven Years War

17
Groups and Treaties of Central Europe

• 1555- Peace of Augsburg Stated that the
  religion of Germany changed with the religion of
  its king. This kept peace in the region for many
  years.
• Protestant Union- Formed 1608 protected the
  rights of European Protestants.
• Catholic League- Formed 1609 protected the
  rights of European Catholics.

18
Thirty Years War

• Began in present-day Czech Republic with Catholic
  king Ferdinand II (Hapsburg king).
• Ferdinand II began to close some Protestant
  churches and their congregations rebelled.
• First 12 years the Austrians Spanish armies
  crushed the rebellion, burned protestant churches
  and killed ALL protestants they could find.

19
Thirty Years War

• In the second half of the war Gustavus Adolphus
  of Sweden led the rebellion and shifted the
  momentum of the war using guerilla warfare
  tactics.
• Adolphus was killed in battle in 1632.
• Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin sent French
  troops in to aid the Protestants out of fear that
  the Central Europeans would become too powerful.
• Protestants were victorious, but the war
  destroyed most of Germany and reduced the
  population of Central Europe by 20 million.

20
Fredrick the Great

• King of Prussia
• When he was young he ran away with a friend. He
  was captured at the Prussian border and returned
  to his father.
• His father wanted to toughen him up so he
  beheaded Fredricks friend in front of him.

21
Seven Years War

• Prussia teamed up with Great Britain against
  France, Russia, and Austria fighting over control
  of Germany and colonies in North America and
  India.
• War ended in 1763 with Great Britain and Prussia
  victorious.
• France lost all of its colonies in the West
  Indies to Great Britain.

22
Russian Czars Increase their Power

• Ivan IV- Good and Bad periods.
• Romanovs take control.
• Peter the Great tries to reform.

23
Ivan IV

• 1533- Came to the Russian throne at the age of 3.
• He would be the first Russian king to use the
  term Czar (means Caesar in Russian).
• Struggled to maintain political control at young
  age with his advisors.
• Fought politically with the Boyars (Russian
  family of nobles).
• He seized control for good at the age of 16.

24
Ivan IV the Good Period

• 1547-1560 Ivan accomplished many great things
  for Russia
• 1. Gained lands through military
  conquests.
• 2. Set a strict code of laws for the nation.
• 3. Ruled the country justly.
• 4. Married his true love Anastasia, who was a
  member of an older Boyar family called the
  Romanovs.

25
Ivan IV the Bad Period

• Began in 1560 Ivan believed that the Boyars
  poisoned Anastasia.
• He developed a special military force to search
  for traitors against Russia. Most of these
  people were Boyars.
• 1581 Ivan is confronted by his oldest son. An
  argument turned deadly when his son was stabbed
  in the throat.

26
A New Dynasty

• Ivan died in 1584 leaving his second son (who was
  in ill health) king. He became Ivan V.
• Ivan V died soon after with no heir to the
  thrown.
• The Boyars selected the great nephew of Anastasia
  to be Czar.
• Michael Romanov started the new dynasty that
  would last more than 300 years.

27
Peter the Great

• 1696- Peter the Great takes control.
• Peter desperately wanted to Westernize Russia
  that was lagging behind.
• Russia was still a feudal society when Peter took
  control

28
Peter Westernizes Russia

• Peter visited many western countries posing as a
  commoner working odd jobs to learn western
  culture.
• He made many changes when he got back to Russia.

29
Peters Reforms

• Introduced potatoes, which revolutionized the
  agricultural production of Russia. Fed more
  people with less food.
• Developed a Russian newspaper.
• Raised the status of women.
• Ordered nobles to exchange their clothes for
  Western styles.
• Moved capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg.

30
England 1603-1689

• James I
• Charles I
• Cromwell the English Civil War
• Charles II
• James II
• William and Mary
• English Bill of Rights

31
James I 1603-1625

• Fought Parliament on almost every issue.
• He believed that he had the divine right to rule.
• He died in 1625 accomplishing little due to his
  feuds with Parliament.

32
Charles I 1625-1649

• Charles believed that with more land came more
  power.
• Kept asking for money from Parliament to finance
  his wars with France and Spain.
• Signed the Petition of Right.
• 1629- Dissolved Parliament and raised taxes.

33
Petition of Right

• The Petition of Right was given to Charles I to
  sign after repeatedly asking for money from
  Parliament
• 1. King couldnt imprison subjects without
  cause.
• 2. Couldnt raise taxes without Parliamentary
  approval.
• 3. Couldnt house soldiers in private homes.
• 4. Couldnt pose martial law in peace time.

34
English Civil War Begins

• People loyal to King Charles were called
  Royalists.
• People loyal to the Puritan Parliament were
  called Roundheads.
• 1644- Oliver Cromwell became general of the
  Roundheads. He captured Charles I in 1648.
• 1649- Charles I was tried, convicted of treason,
  and executed.

35
Oliver Cromwell

• 1649- Cromwell ruled England.
• He abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords
  (Nobility).
• Drafted a constitution and formed a Republic.
• He eventually tore up the constitution and ruled
  as a dictator.
• 1658- Cromwell died and Charles II (son of
  Charles I) became king.

36
Charles II 1658-1685

• Charles II restored the monarchy and the
  bloodline.
• 1679 Charles II signed Habeas Corpus. It stated
  that all prisoners had a guarantee of a trial by
  judge and jury.
• He signed it because of his fathers execution.

37
James II 1685-1688

• Became king after his fathers death (Charles II)
  in 1685.
• He was catholic and did not favor protestants.
• He fled in fear in 1688 after protestants began a
  bloody revolution.

38
William Mary

• 1688- William Mary ruled under a Constitutional
  Monarchy. Mary was the daughter of James II and
  William was the hero of the Dutch Revolt.
• They established a group of advisors called the
  Cabinet.
• They signed the English Bill of Rights in 1689.

39
English Bill of Rights - 1689

• No suspending of Parliamentary laws.
• No levying of taxes without specific grant from
  Parliament.
• No interfering with freedom of speech in
  Parliament.
• No penalties for private citizens that bring
  grievances before the king.