Introduction to Unix CS 21

1
Introduction to Unix CS 21

• Lecture 17

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Lecture Overview

• More on LaTeX
• Inserting Figures
• xfig
• Creating your own commands
• Make
• Writing Makefiles
• Running make
• Revision Control Systems
• rcs
• CVS

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Creating Figures In Unix

• xfig
• Simple drawing tool that allows you to make
  diagrams and pictures
• Saves pictures to files called .fig
• Can export pictures to Encapsulated PostScript
  (.eps)

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Example Of xfig
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Inserting Figures Into Latex Documents

• Once you have a ps or eps file, you can insert
  them into your LaTeX documents
• One way \specialpsfilepicture.eps
• Might have to mess with the vskip as this tends
  to place the bottom of the picture on the current
  line and not the top of the picture.

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Example Of Inserting A Figure
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Output Of Inserting A Figure
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Inserting With Space Adjustment
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Output Of Inserting A Figure With Space Adjustment
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Steps For Inserting A Figure Into LaTeX

• 1. Make a figure using xfig (or some other tool
  that generates a .ps file)
• 2. Use the \specialpsfilename.eps command to
  place the picture in your document
• 3. Use \vskip to position the picture correctly
  on the page

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Is There Another Way?

• There are several other ways
• LaTeX supports floating objects
• Figures and diagrams that can slightly move about
  the page depending on the text
• Can specify absolute locations of figures as well
• Read more about it!

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LaTeX Commands Versus Environments

• Command
• Used to perform one singular task
• \nameparameter
• Environment
• Used to perform a task at the beginning and end
  of a block
• \beginname
• \endname

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Making A New Command

• \newcommand\nameNUMCOMMAND
• NUM can be 0-9 and represents the number of
  arguments passed to the command
• Each parameter will be passed in a separate brace
  when called
• Inside the command, 1 will retrieve the value
  of the first parameter, 2 will retrieve the
  second, and so on
• Example
• \newcommand\assignment1\bf CS21 Assignment
  1
• Usage \assignment2

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Example Of A New Command
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Output Of Our New Command
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Making A New Environment

• \newenvironment\nameNUMBEGIN COMMANDSEND
  COMMANDS
• You must specify what happens when you begin an
  environment and what happens when you end and
  environment
• Example You might need a header and a signature
  for a letter, that would be the start and end of
  a letter environment

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Example Of A New Environment
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Output Of Our New Environment
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LaTeX Basics

• That should be enough for you to get a good
  handle on how LaTeX works
• There are a lot more commands and formatting
  techniques in LaTeX
• If you can think of how your paper should be, you
  can probably get LaTeX to format it that way
• Read more about it!

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Make

• A generic tool for running and compiling programs
• Usually used in conjunction with C programs
• Not restricted to C files
• Used to automate all of the steps in creating a
  final product
• We will use make to automate the creation of .ps
  files from LaTeX files

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Makefiles

• Make requires a special file named Makefile or
  makefile in your current directory
• This is read in by make and contains a list of
  all commands that will be executed

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Format Of A Makefile

• VARIABLE DECLARATIONS
• TARGET DEPENDENCIES
• COMMANDS

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Variable Declarations In Makefiles

• Typically all caps (but doesnt have to be)
• Example MYDIR/home/csgrads/villarre
• Using variables is done just like bash shell
• cat MYDIR/myFile

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Targets In A Makefile

• First target listed is special
• Always the main target
• You can specify a specific target on the command
  line
• Example make all
• Make will execute all of the commands listed
  under the target in order to make the target

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Example Of A Makefile
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Dependencies

• Before make can create a target, it checks and
  makes sure that any other target that the first
  target is dependant on is constructed
• Make automatically keeps track of what files need
  to be reprocessed since the last time it was run

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Graphical Representation Of Dependencies
targetOne dependOne dependTwo echo
done dependOne echo dependOne
done dependTwo echo dependTwo done
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Example Of Dependencies
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Using make To Do Actual Work

• Task
• Get a printable file from a LaTeX document we are
  working with
• Steps
• Run latex on the .tex file
• Run dvips on the .dvi file generated

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Example Makefile
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Example Run
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Implicit Rules And Variables In make

• Make knows how to do some certain tasks
  automatically
• Depends on a set of automatically declared
  variables
• Example Make knows that in order to get a .dvi
  file, it can run TEX on a .tex file
• Unfortunately, some of these variables are set to
  values you dont want
• Fortunately you can override the values of these
  variables

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Example Of Implicit Rules
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Fake Targets

• Targets with no dependencies can be used to
  simply execute commands at will
• Referred to as Phony targets (can be specified as
  such as well)
• Common usage of Phony targets are to clean up
  directories

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Using make To Clean Up Directories

• Latex creates a whole bunch of files we dont
  need or may want to clean up
• All we need is the .tex file and we can create
  everything else
• .aux, .log, .dvi, .ps can all be removed
• Create a special phony target called clean that
  executes the rm command

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Example Of make clean
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Make Basics

• You now know how makefiles work and should be
  able to come up with a few working examples
• Of course, make is much, much more complex than
  what Ive shown here, but this is enough to be
  functional
• Read more about it!

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Revision Control Systems

• Have you ever been working on a program or paper
  and changed something substanital?
• Have you ever wanted to go back to an older
  version that you threw away?
• Revision control systems are designed to help you
  with just these sorts of issues

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Purpose Of Revision Control

• Allows you to go back to previous versions
• Maintain a history of changes
• Locks out others from messing with the same file
  at the same time

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rcs A Simple Revision Control Scheme

• rcs is a system that will control access to a
  project and keep track of all changes and
  revisions
• rcs
• ci
• co

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Setting Up The System For RCS

• Create a subdirectory named RCS in the directory
  that contains the files you want to manage
• Check in all of the files that you want to manage
  in order to get an initial revision
• This removes the originals and creates a new file
  with the extension ,v in the RCS directory

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Checking In

• Usage ci FLAGS file
• Stands for check in
• Keeps track of revision and version number
• Starts at 1.1 (revision.version) and increments
  the version every time you check in
• Flag
• -rNUM
• Checks in the file with the given revision and
  version number

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Example Of Checking In
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Checking Out For Reading

• Usage co FLAGS file
• Stands for check out
• By default, checks out the most recently checked
  in version
• Cant check the file back in
• Flag
• -rNUM
• Check out revision and version NUM

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Example Of Checking Out For Reading
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Checking Out Locked

• co l file
• Checks out a copy that can be modified and
  checked back in
• Will prevent other users from checking out a
  version that they can modify
• Only allows one person changing a file at a time

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Example
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Checking History Of A File - rlog

• The rlog command will print out all of the log
  messages that you typed in when you checked in a
  modified file
• Usage rlog filename

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Other Access Restrictions - rcs

• Usage rcs FLAGS file
• -aLOGIN
• Add LOGIN to the list of users that can check out
  a file
• -eLOGIN
• Remove LOGIN from the list of users that can
  check out a file
• Check out the man page for more information!

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CVS Concurrent Versions System

• A more advanced version of RCS
• Works on hierarchical collections of directories
• Trees and branches
• Works over networks as well
• Typical distribution format for Unix packages in
  development

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In Lab Today

• Document construction with LaTeX
• Writing Makefiles to manage your LaTeX files

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Next Time

• Quiz 3
• Perl, LaTeX, make
• Setting up packages
• Configure scripts
• Apt, rpm
• Running jobs at prescribed times