Section 1:The Rise of Nationalism

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CHAPTER 12
A New National Identity
Section 1 The Rise of Nationalism Section
2 Expansion and Improvements Section 3 The
Age of Jackson Section 4 Indian Removal Section
5 American Culture
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SECTION 1
The Rise of Nationalism
Era of Good Feelings Who James Monroe (Dem.
Republican) Did What Was president during the
Era of Good Feelings. Signed Rush-Bagot Treaty
and Convention of 1818 treaty.
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SECTION 1
The Rise of Nationalism
Era of Good Feelings When 1817 Where United
States Why Era of Good Feelings Americans
were full of National Pride from war. Monroe won
reelection in 1820 w/out anybody running against
him (Like GW). Rush-Bagot Treaty Signed over
fishing rights conflict with England after War of
1812. Convention of 1818 treaty Treaty with
England that gave us fishing rights off coast of
Canada
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SECTION 1
The Rise of Nationalism
The Issue of Florida Who John Quincy Adams,
Andrew Jackson, President Monroe, Did What
JQA had talks with Spanish about purchasing
Spanish Florida for America. Wrote Adams-Onis
Treaty. AJ Led an army into Spanish Florida to
capture and punish a renegade group of Seminole
Indians. While in Florida, Jackson took over
Spanish military outposts and virtually took over
the entire state. President Monroe heard from
Jackson about taking over Florida, but didnt
respond back in time. Gave Spain 2 choices.
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SECTION 1
The Rise of Nationalism
The Issue of Florida When 1819 Where United
States, Florida Why Adams-Onis Treaty Treaty
written by JQA. Gave US Florida, We would pay
Spain 5 million and had to give up area that is
now Texas. Allowed Spain to Save fact to the
world Andrew Jackson Hated Indians, chased
them into Florida and took over Spanish outposts
while there. Asked President Monroe if he should
fight Spanish, Monroe didnt respond, so he did
it. Enhanced his hero status. President
Monroe Didnt respond back in time, b/c of time
it took to get message and send one back.
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SECTION 1
The Rise of Nationalism
The Monroe Doctrine Who President James Monroe,
Simon Bolivar Did What JM Issued a
proclamation to the world to stay out of the
business of the Latin and South American
countries business. It stated that the US would
protect these nations. SB- liberator, led
many of the struggles of these Latin South
American Countries.
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SECTION 1
The Rise of Nationalism
The Monroe Doctrine When December 2,
1823 Where The Americas Why Monroe
Doctrine Stated that the US would protect these
new democracies and that the European powers
(eng, fra, spa, etc) should stay over in Europe.
If they tried to reclaim their colonies, they
would have to go through us to do it. This made
the US the big dog in this area. We were now a
SUPER POWER. The Liberator Led these struggles
to reclaim the lands taken by European countries.

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SECTION 1
The Rise of Nationalism
Question How did the United States settle its
land disputes with Great Britain and Spain?
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SECTION 1
The Rise of Nationalism
Compromise with Spain
Compromise with Great Britain
Rush-Bagot Agreement Terms
Adams-Onis Treaty Terms

• Spain gave Florida to the United States.
• The United States gave up claims to present-day
  Texas.
• United States took responsibility for up to 5
  million of United States citizens claims against
  Spain.

• limited naval power on the Great Lakes

Convention of 1818 Terms

• gave the United States fishing rights off parts
  of Newfoundland and Labrador coasts
• established a border between the United States
  and Canada at the 49th parallel, as far west as
  the Rockies
• agreed to joint occupation of the Pacific
  Northwest

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SECTION 2
Expansion and Improvements
The Missouri Compromise Who Henry Clay,
Pro-Slavery people, Anti-Slavery people Did
What HC Great peacemaker, came up with the
idea for the Missouri Compromise. This stopped a
major regional conflict (various regions of the
country N vs. S). Had 3 parts 1. Missouri
Slave State. 2. Main would enter as a Free
State. 3. Slavery would be prohibited above the
36/30 parallel. PS- 11 slave states vs. 11
free states. Missouri wanted to be added by a
slave state. AS - 11 slave states vs. 11 free
states. Did not want Missouri to be allowed to
be a slave state.
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SECTION 2
Expansion and Improvements
The Missouri Compromise When
1819 Where US Congress Why HC Wanted to
stop regional conflict. If you entered 2 states,
then the balance of power would remain same. No
issues. PS argued b/c they had fewer reps.
In the H.O.R., they could be blocked by the
North. Missouri wanted to be admitted as a slave
state. AS If Missouri were to be admitted as
a slave state, that would give slave states power
in Senate. This would allow them to do what they
wanted. They didnt want slavery spreading into
new territory.
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SECTION 2
Expansion and Improvements
Internal Improvements Who Henry Clay Did
What HC Proposed a strong national economy
that would prevent regional conflicts. He
proposed a protective tariff. Then the from
the tariff could be used to improve the nation
internally. This became known as the American
System.
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SECTION 2
Expansion and Improvements
Internal Improvements When 1815
1820s Where United States Why HC knew a
protective tariff would cause Americans to buy
domestic goods as opposed to foreign goods. This
would create a strong economy. (a protective
tariff would make Americans want to buy cheaper
American goods. This would benefit the north.
With their new found , they would purchase the
textiles from the south and the south would
benefit from the . Thus all parts of the
Country would help each other and therefore
become dependent on each other. This would
stop them from fighting.)
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SECTION 2
Expansion and Improvements
New Roads Canals Who American Government,
DeWitt Clinton Did What AG tried to improve
roads in America. Built the Cumberland road
which stretched from West Virginia to Illinois.
DC NY Governor. Built the Erie Canal to help
speed up travel from Albany to Buffalo. Cost
millions of and took 8 years to complete.
Well worth it, as NY became the nations top
market for goods. The success of the Erie canal
set off a canal boom.
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SECTION 2
Expansion and Improvements
New Roads Canals When early 1800s mid
1800s Where United States, NY Why AG
early American roads were horrible (dirt, gravel,
curdory, turnpike) so to make trade easier, new
roads were built. This would speed up
transportation of goods and ideas from all areas
of the country. First of such road was the
Cumberland road. Built and paid for by US
Government. First of its kind. Water travel was
still cheaper and quicker _at_ this time, but rivers
didnt go everywhere we needed them to, so canals
were started. DC Spent millions of to build
Erie canal. Tough project to complete. Took 8
years to complete. First major undertaking of
its time. 363 miles of canal were built. 40 ft.
wide, and 4 ft deep. Even went over a 500 ft.
hill by using a system of locks. The success of
the canal making NY a major trade center, set off
a boom in the idea of improving America
internally. If we did this, then we could
benefit .
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SECTION 2
Expansion and Improvements
The Election of 1824 Who John Quincy Adams,
Andrew Jackson Did What JQA Secretary of
state, ran for president in 1824. Democratic -
Republican from the north. Supported higher
education. Lost popular vote in election, but
with help from Clay, won vote in H.O.R. . Named
Clay as his Sec. of State. Did have enough power
to push through some of his internal
improvements. AJ Democratic Republican
Senator from Tennessee. Won the popular vote in
the election, but didnt have enough electoral
votes to win. Thus went to H.O.R. for tie
breaking vote. He lost. Claimed Clay and Adams
had made a Corrupt Bargain.
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SECTION 2
Expansion and Improvements
The Election of 1824 When 1824 Where United
States Why JQA Not very popular with the
people. Popularity went down after he named Clay
as Sec. of State. Didnt win popular vote, but
won in H.O.R. AJ Claimed Corrupt Bargain.
Said Adams promised Clay favors if he helped him
win in the House. Clay was later named Sec. of
State. His claims weakened the power of
President Adams.
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SECTION 2
Expansion and Improvements
Question How did improvements in transportation
affect the United States?
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SECTION 2
Expansion and Improvements
Affect on the United States
Roads
connected the East coast to the interior United
States
Cumberland Road turnpikes
Canals
Erie Canal
provided faster and cheaper routes for goods to
market
Overall results of improvements in transportation
Both resulted in connecting regions of the United
States.
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SECTION 3
The Age of Jackson
Jacksonian Democracy Who Americans (political
parties), Andrew Jackson, John C. Calhoun Did
What Americans Expanding voting rights meant
more Americans than ever could vote. (women
couldnt yet) Began holding nominating
conventions public meeting in which people began
to select a political parties representatives for
president. This allowed more people to become
active in politics. Jackson was famous for
letting numerous people be involved with his
campaigns, and thus this increase in political
activism was called Jacksonian Democracy. AJ
Campaigned against Adams for the entire 4 years
Adams was president. Kept pushing the idea of
the corrupt bargain. Chose John C. Calhoun to
run for VP with him in 1828. B/c Adams was also
the Dem. Rep. Jackson and his supporters broke
off and formed the Democratic party (same one as
today) and the Dem. Repub. Eventually started
calling themselves just Republicans. JCC ran
as VP under Jackson.
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SECTION 3
The Age of Jackson
Jacksonian Democracy When 1828 Where United
States Why Americans This increase in people
getting involved in politics was important to the
Election of 1828. Jacksonian Democracy AJ
couldnt get over being cheated in last election.
Wouldnt be happy until he defeated Adams.
JCC was already important in politics, but
now becomes very important as VP.
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Andrew JacksonOld Hickory
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Personality

• A. Loyal- Wife Rachel and John and Peggy Eaton
• B. Fierce (violent?)-Charles Dickenson, military
• C.Stubborn/Persistent-Election of 1828

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Election of 1828

• Candidates-
• Andrew Jackson (Democrat)
• John Q. Adams (National Republican)
• Negative Campaign-
• Personalities
• -Jackson described as a war hero who had been
  born poor and rose to success through hard work.
  He portrayed himself as an advocate of the common
  man. The NR described him as hot tempered,
  crude, and ill equipped to be president.

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Election of 1828

• C. Adams was portrayed by the Democrats as the
  exact opposite of Jackson. He was seen as a
  Harvard educated snob. He was also described as
  being out of touch with everyday people.

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Accusations

• Jackson accuses Adams of
• 1. Being a leech. He says Adams has never had
  a real mans job b/c he had been in politics
  his whole life-following in the footsteps of his
  father (the 2nd president).
• 2. Being immoral b/c he had brought a pool table
  into the White House and he swam naked in the
  Potomac River every morning for his morning
  constitutional.

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• B. Adams accuses Jackson of
• 1. Having a wife who was already married!
  Unfortunately for Jackson, this was true. Rachel
  Robards Jackson had been married to a man who
  beat her. She filed for divorce, but in those
  days it had to go through the state legislature.
  So, Jackson and Rachel waited a long time, and
  then got married-only to find out her divorce
  papers had NOT gone through. It was sorted out
  and they were remarried, but JQA brought it out
  in the election. Rachel became very sick soon
  after the news broke and died . Jackson
  maintained that Adams had killed her

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Victory for Jackson
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1. When the election was over, Jackson and his vice
   president John C. Calhoun had won a record number
   of popular votes.
2. His victory was seen as a win for the common man.
   To show their happiness, Jacksons supporters
   threw a party on the White House lawn to
   celebrate his inauguration. This caused a great
   deal of damage and concern

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Inauguration Party
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Jacksons Presidency
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Four Big Issues

• There are four big issues that defined Jacksons
  presidency
• 1. Tariff of Abomination
• 2. The Bank Crisis
• 3. The Nullification Crisis
• 4. Indian Removal

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The Tariff of Abomination

1. One of the first challenges Jackson faced as
   president was a growing regional conflict over
   tariffs.
2. Northern manufacturers wanted high tariffs to
   protect their new industries from foreign
   competition (particularly GB).
3. The South had little industry to protect. Their
   economy relied on agriculture. High tariffs
   would anger some of their trading partners, so
   they wanted a low tariff.
4. Westerners were divided.

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Nullification Crisis

• A high tariff was passed in 1828. Southerners
  called it the Tariff of Abominations
  (abomination something hated).
• Vice President Calhoun led the opposition of the
  tariff. He wrote a statement in favor of states
  rights. His statement said that states had the
  right to nullify, or cancel, any federal law they
  considered unconstitutional.
• This dispute became known as the Nullification
  Crisis. Calhoun continued to argue that states
  had the right to rebel if they felt their rights
  had been violated. Daniel Webster disagreed
  saying, Liberty and Union, now and forever, one
  and inseparable!
• South Carolina (Calhouns home state) tested the
  nullification theory when a new tariff was passed
  in 1832. The state legislature declared the
  tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void.

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Nullification Crisis

• E. Jackson was strongly against
  nullification. Because of their difference,
  Calhoun resigned as VP.
• Jackson said he would send U.S. troops to South
  Carolina to enforce federal laws. South Carolina
  officials said they would withdraw from the Union
  if this happened.
• Henry Clay stepped in and proposed a compromise
• 1. Congress will lower the tariff over time.
• 2. The President has the right to use force to
  enforce a federal law.
• H. Both sides agreed to the compromise, but
  neither side trusted the other.

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The Bank Crisis

• Jackson was opposed to the Second Bank of the
  U.S. which Congress had founded in 1816.
• Many states also opposed the Bank and had taken
  action against it.
• Maryland had passed laws that taxed branches of
  the national bank. James McCulloch, a cashier of
  the Bank in Maryland, refused to pay this tax.
• The state took him to court and the resulting
  case, McCulloch vs. Maryland, went all the way to
  the Supreme Court.
• The Court made two important rulings in this
  case-
• 1. They supported the Banks
  constitutionality. The elastic clause of the
  Constitution allowed Congress to establish the
  Bank.
• 2. The Court also decided that federal law
  was superior to state law-an idea that
  challenged the idea of states rights.
  Therefore, Maryland could not tax or interfere
  with the Bank.

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The Bank Crisis

• F. Nicholas Biddle, the Banks director,
  decided to make the Bank a presidential issue in
  1832.
• The Banks charter was up in 1836, but Biddle
  decided to push it up to 1832.
• Jackson campaigned against the renewal of the
  Banks charter. He promised he would kill any
  legislation that crossed his desk that would
  renew the Bank.
• I. Congress passed the Banks charter and
  Jackson lived up to his promise by vetoing the
  bill.
• Jackson also weakened the Banks power by
  depositing federal funds in state banks (pet
  banks) instead of the Bank.
• These pet banks used the federal funds to offer
  credit to people wanting to buy land. While this
  policy promoted expansion, it also led to
  inflation.
• Jackson tried to combat the inflation by ordering
  Americans to use only gold and silver to buy
  land, not paper money. This didnt help the
  inflation, but it did lower the national debt.

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SECTION 3
The Age of Jackson
Van Burens Presidency Who Whig Party, Martin
Van Buren, William Henry Harrison Did What WP -
group of people against Jackson formed this
political party. Supported the idea of a weak
president and a strong congress. Ran 4
candidates against Van Buren. Those 4 split
their votes and Van Buren easily won with the
support of Jackson. MVB Won election of 1836
with support of Jackson. Not as well liked as
Jackson. Wasnt seen as a man of the people.
Shortly after he took office, country suffered
form the Panic of 1837 (mainly caused by
Jacksons policies). In 1840, his reelection was
hurt by this depression and he loses to Harrison.
WHH - war hero from war of 1812. Ran log
cabin campaign. Of the 75 of the nation that
voted (compared to 40 of today) it was a close
race, but Harrison won in the electoral college
by a landslide.
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The Panic of 1837
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I. Causes
A. The government sold millions of acres of land
in the West
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B. Speculators bought most of the land, to sell
at higher prices to others for a profit C. To pay
for the land in the first place, speculators
borrowed money from banks
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1. In order to loan money to the speculators, banks
   printed more paper money
2. The more money that is printed, the less value it
   has

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II. The Panic Begins
A. To stop the land speculation, in 1836 Jackson
passed a law saying that anyone buying public
land had to pay with gold or silver
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• The speculators needed to cash their paper money
  in for gold and silver
• When the speculators went to the bank, the banks
  didnt have enough gold and silver to give
  everyone their gold and silver
• This caused a bank run

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III. Results

1. The bank runs turned into a panic
2. Banks failed and went out of business
3. The Panic was made worse because cotton prices
   went down so Southerners made less money than
   ever and were not able to pay back their loans
4. Three years of economic depression followed
5. President Van Buren, elected in 1836, was blamed
   for the depression, and did not win re-election

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Presidents After Jackson
I. Van Buren (Democrat)

• Elected in 1836
• Blamed for the Depression following the Panic of
  1837
• Only served one term

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II. William Henry Harrison (Whig)

• Elected in 1840
• Died of pneumonia less than a month after taking
  office

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III. John Tyler (Democrat turned Whig)

1. Came to office when Harrison died
2. Changed to Whigs after office. Both parties
   didnt trust him

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1. Tyler disagreed with most of the Whig policies,
   so not much was accomplished during his
   presidency
2. Tyler was eventually kicked out of the Whig party

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SECTION 3
The Age of Jackson
Van Burens Presidency When 1836 - 1840
Where United States Why WP Called
Jackson King Andrew. They wanted a president
that ran the govt. Not ran over the govt. MVB
was seen as a rich man. Not as well liked as
Jackson. Took the blame for policies that
Jackson started. WHH - ran Jackson like
campaign against MVB. Used Log Cabin reference
to get people to vote for him. He and John Tyler
won a close popular vote, but won with a
landslide in the electoral college.
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SECTION 3
The Age of Jackson
Question How did tariff disputes lead to the
nullification crisis and how did President
Jackson respond?
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SECTION 3
The Age of Jackson
STEPS LEADING TO THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS
Southern states asserted their right to nullify
protective tariffs, which they argued hurt their
economy.
Jackson threatened to send federal troops to
South Carolina to enforce federal laws.
Jackson condemned nullification.
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SECTION 4
Indian Removal
The Indian Removal Act Who Andrew Jackson,
Bureau of Indian Affairs, Choctaw Indians Did
What AJ - pressured Congress to pass the Indian
Removal Act of 1830. Forced the removal of all
Indians east of Mississippi to land West
(Oklahoma). Established Indian Territory. BIA
- Created by congress to oversee federal policy
toward American Indians. CI - Choctaw Indians
were the first Indian group to be removed.
Forced to leave during winter of 1831-32.
Federal government didnt provide enough food or
shelter. Thus almost 25 of Choctaw died. Their
treatment by the government made many other
Indian tribes resist moving.
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SECTION 4
Indian Removal
The Indian Removal Act When 1830 Where
United States Why AJ pressured Congress b/c
he hated the Indians and they were on land that
Americans wanted. BIA The US government had
a history of letting down the Indians and this
group was supposed to stop them. They failed
miserably. CI - Signed the Treaty of Dancing
Rabbit Creek - gave up 7.5 million acres. Lost
25 of their Indians to the move from Mississippi
to Oklahoma.
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SECTION 4
Indian Removal
The Trail of Tears Who Cherokee Nation
(Sequoya), John Marshall, Worcester v. Georgia,
Andrew Jackson Did What CN - didnt want to
move off lands. Heard statements that they were
savages and learned the ways of the white man to
prove them wrong. Sequoya was a Cherokee that
developed a written language so that they could
be called civilized and maybe not be picked on
anymore. Fought being moved from Georgia to
Oklahoma. Forced to move. Disease and the 800
mile trip took its toll, killing almost 5,000
Cherokee. JM - Chief Justice that ruled in
favor of the Cherokee in regards to the trail of
tears. Said Georgia (with help from Jackson)
had no constitutional right to remove them.
Court Case was Worcester v. Georgia. WvG -
Court case where Cherokee sued for the rights to
stay on their land and not be kicked out by
Georgia. John Marshall ruled in their favor.
AJ - Said Georgia had the right to kick them
out even though Supreme Court ruled otherwise.
Said, John Marshall has made his decision, now
let me see him enforce it !!! Hated the
Indians.
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SECTION 4
Indian Removal
The Trail of Tears When 1832 Where United
States Why CN Sued b/c they proved they
werent savages and felt they should be protected
by the laws of the US. JM Said removal of
Cherokee was unconstitutional. Angered many
Americans. WvG - Important Supreme Court Case.
1st time Executive Branch and Judicial Branch
went toe to toe. AJ - Hated Indians. Famous
quote about Constitution and John Marshall.
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Jackson the Indians
I. 2 Opinions on what to do with the Indians
A. Assimilation Indians adopt white ways and
integrate into white society
B. Removal Move the Indians to land to the
West of the Mississippi
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Indian Removal
II. Cherokees

1. The Cherokees decided that they would assimilate
   in order to keep their land in Georgia.
2. They had an alphabet for their language, they had
   a system of government modeled after the United
   States, they had settled farms, and some even
   owned slaves.
3. The government of Georgia still kept threatening
   to take Indian lands

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Indian Removal
III. Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia

• In 1828, gold is discovered on Cherokee land in
  Georgia
• People started moving into designated Cherokee
  land to look for gold.
• The Cherokees hired good lawyers and sued Georgia
  for not keeping people off of their land.
• The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, John
  Marshall, said that the court did not have
  jurisdiction over their case and the case was
  dismissed.

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Indian Removal
IV. Worchester vs. Georgia

1. Georgia passed a law saying that all non-Indians
   on Indian land had to register with the state of
   Georgia.
2. A man named Worchester trespassed without
   registering.
3. The state of Georgia fined him, and he sued the
   state, claiming that they had no authority over
   Indian land, only the United States did.
4. Chief Justice, John Marshall, said that the
   Georgia law was unconstitutional because Georgia
   did not have the right to make laws over the
   Indians.

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Indian Removal
IV. Worchester vs. Georgia
D. President Jackson SHOULD have backed up the
Supreme Court and protected the Cherokee, but
when he heard about the decision Jackson said,
Marshall has made his decision, now let him
enforce it!
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Indian Removal
V. The Trail of Tears

1. In the end, the Cherokees were forced to leave
   their homes in Georgia and walk to Indian
   Territory in present-day Oklahoma.
2. The first group of Indians were forced out of
   their homes at gun-point and held in prison
   camps.
3. They were then made to walk (or ride in a poorly
   constructed boat) to Oklahoma.
4. An estimated 4,000 Indians died from hunger,
   exposure, and disease along the way.
5. When the Indians got to Indian Territory, there
   was no food or shelter for them.

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SECTION 4
Indian Removal
Question Why did federal and state governments
begin an American Indian removal policy?
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SECTION 4
Indian Removal
Reasons for American Indian Removal Policy
to end disputes between American Indians and
settlers
to open up American Indian land to settlers
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SECTION 5
American Culture
American Tales Who Washington Irving Did What
WI - one of the first American writers to gain
international fame. Wrote Rip Van Winkle,
Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Often wrote stories
about American History. Blended writing of
Europe with America. When Early
1800s Where United States Why WI - With
things changing in America, a lot of things
changed. One thing was American Culture. For
example, stories about people no longer dominated
readings. Stories about American History now
ruled the times. People in America were very
proud of how things have changed in the past 50
years and they were writing about what made them
proud. One early writer that mixed European
humor with American History was Washington
Irving. His tales of Rip Van Winkle (a man who
falls asleep before the American Revolution and
wakes 20 years later to a time he doesnt even
recognize) were very popular.
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SECTION 5
American Culture
James Fennimore Cooper Who James Fennimore
Cooper Did What JFC - wrote stories about the
American Frontier. Fused Irvings writing about
American History and fiction. He would put
fictional characters in historical events (last
of the Mohicans - about French Indian War)
When 1820s Where United States Why JFC -
His new style became very popular in America.
Putting Fictional characters in real events
allowed his readers to have some knowledge about
what was happening, but still use their
imagination b/c of the unknown characters.
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SECTION 5
American Culture
Catharine Maria Sedgwick Who Chatarine Maria
Sedgwick Did What CMS - wrote stories about the
American life, but used women as heroines rather
than some weak person that always had to be
saved. Brought the ideas of equality for women
in books and thus to a mass of people. When
1820s Where United States Why CMS - Used
her ability to write to promote womens issues.
Things like equality, or marriage for women were
brought to the public through her books.
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SECTION 5
American Culture
A New Style of Art Who Hudson River School,
Thomas Cole, George Caleb Bingham Did What HRS
- Inspired by writers like Irving and Cooper,
these painters took the ideas of painting old
European themes of the past and changed them to
include American scenery. These painters were
proud of their American life and wanted it to
show in their paintings. When 1820s -
1840s Where United States Why HRS - These
painters were proud of their American life and
wanted it to show in their paintings. People
like Thomas Cole and George Caleb Bingham were
among the leaders of these new American Painters.

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SECTION 5
American Culture
Question What topics did favorite writers of the
early 1800s write about?
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SECTION 5
American Culture
FAVORITE AMERICAN WRITERS OF THE EARLY 1800s
Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper,
Catharine Maria Sedgwick
American Revolution, settlement, and the
landscape
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CHAPTER 12
Chapter Wrap-Up
1. How did the United States settle its border
disputes with British Canada and Spanish
Florida? 2. How did U.S. political parties change
between the elections of 1820 and 1828? 3. What
did Chief Justice John Marshal decide in
McCulloch v. Maryland and Worchester v. Georgia,
and how did these cases affect the power of state
governments?