Nationalism%20and%20Sectionalism%20Chapter%207

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Nationalism and SectionalismChapter 7

• How did nationalism and sectionalism affect the
  United States from the early 1800s to the
  mid-1800s?

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Standards

• SSUHS 7 Students will explain the process of
  economic growth, its regional and national impact
  in the first half of the 19th century, and the
  different responses to it.
• a. Explain the impact the Industrial
  Revolution as seen in Eli Whitneys invention of
  the cotton gin and his development of
  interchangeable parts for muskets.
• b. Describe the westward growth of the
  United States including the emerging concept of
  Manifest Destiny.
• c. Describe reform movements,
  specifically temperance, abolitionism, and public
  school.
• d. Explain womens efforts to gain the
  suffrage, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton and
  the Seneca Falls Conference.
• e. Explain Jacksonian Democracy,
  expanding the suffrage, the rise of popular
  political culture, and the development of
  American nationalism.

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Industry and TransportationSection 1

• How did transportation developments and
  industrialization affect the nations economy?
• Vocabulary
• turnpike Francis Cabot Lowell
• National Road Lowell girl
• Erie Canal interchangeable parts
• Industrial Revolution Eli Whitney
• Samuel Slater Samuel F.B. Morse

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Industry and Transportation
The Transportation Revolution   Main Idea During
the nineteenth century, efforts to improve
overland transportation began through the United
States. Most notable was the development of the
railroads and steam-powered ships. Technology
Sparks Industrial Growth Main Idea
Developments in technology transformed
manufacturing. This transformation came to be
known as the Industrial Revolution, which
transformed the nations economy, culture, social
life, and politics. Inventions Transform
Industry and Agriculture Main Idea The
revolutions in transportation and industry were
paralleled in the early 1800s by a number of key
innovations. These innovations advanced the
dramatic changes taking place in the American
economy and society.
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Transportation in Early 1800s
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Transportation

• Roads Wilderness Road, Daniel Boone
• Corduroy roads
• Plank roads
• National Road, Maryland to
• the Ohio River
• Turnpikes

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Transportation

• Robert Fulton
• First successful steam powered boat
• Clermont steamed upriver, against the current

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Transportation

• Canals Erie Canal completed in 1825 to join the
  Hudson River in New York state to Lake Erie
• 3,300 miles of canals, mostly in the Northeast
• by 1840
• Provided transportation
• that linked farms to cities
• Resulted in the growth of
• New York City population
• grew to 800,000 by 1860

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Transportation

• Railroads were cheaper to build, could climb
  hills, moved faster, and could carry more weight
• Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
• By 1860, 31,000 miles of track
• Trains ended canal building

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Technology Sparks Industrial Growth

• Industrial Revolution shift from manual labor to
  mechanized work that began in Great Britain
  during the 1700s and spread to the U.S. around
  1800

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Inventions

• Samuel Slater came to America from Britain with
  knowledge of the textile industry
• Samuel Slater first water-powered textile mill
  opened first mill in Pawtucket, RI in 1793 used
  family system for employees
• First successful textile mill in the U.S.

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Industries of Northeast

• Francis Cabot Lowell built the first totally
  centralized textile mill in Waltham,
  Massachusetts in 1813
• Hired young unmarried women, known as Lowell
  girls, because they would work for half the pay
  that men demanded

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Changes in Factories

• Machines increased pace of work
• Divided work into small tasks
• Reduced the need for skilled labor
• Some jobs like sewing garments and shoes were
  still performed in the home

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Inventions

• Eli Whitney factory to manufacture muskets
• More efficient production of products
• Interchangeable parts
• Cotton Gin
• Kept the South a land of slavery and farming

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Telegraph

• Samuel F.B. Morse
• electric telegraph sent coded signals along a
  metal wire
• By 1860 nation had 50,000 miles of telegraph lines

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Communication

• Postal service 8,450 post offices by 1830
• Delivered mail as well as newspapers, magazines,
  and books

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Agriculture

• Agriculture remained the largest industry in the
  United States
• Farmers adopted better methods
• for planting and harvesting crops
• Improved methods for raising
• livestock
• By 1840, the steel plow invented
• by John Deere and the mechanical
• reaper developed by Cyrus
• McCormick improved farming

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Farm Work
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Farm Inventions
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Sectional DifferencesSection 2

• How did the North and South differ during the
  first half of the 1800s?
• Vocabulary
• Tariff of 1816
• capital
• labor union
• nativist
• cotton gin

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Sectional Differences
The North Embraces Industry Main Idea The
tariff Congress placed on imported goods helped
industry to flourish, particularly in the
Northeast, where there were many factories and
laborers to keep them running. Industrial
Workers Main Idea The arrival of industry
changed the way many Americans worked by reducing
the skill required for many jobs. This trend hurt
highly skilled artisans, who could not compete
with manufacturers working with many low-cost
laborers. Southern Agricultural Economy and
Society Main Idea During the 1780s, Thomas
Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington
hoped that slavery would gradually fade away.
However, with the emergence of cotton as the
Souths leading crop, slavery persisted.
Continued
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Vocabulary

• Free enterprise system an economic system in
  which companies compete for profits also called
  capitalism
• Capital wealth that can be invested to produce
  goods and make money
• Bank note a piece of paper that banks issued to
  their customers similar to checks
• The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith the
  principle of supply and demand rather than
  government regulation should guide business
  decisions

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Industrialization Spreads in the North

• Embargo of 1807 and War of 1812 cut off access to
  British goods
• Americans built factories in Northeast
• Tariff of 1816 tax on imports to protect
  American manufacturers
• Why did manufacturing grow in the North
• -Access to capital (money)
• -Cheap labor
• -Many swiftly flowing rivers to provide
  water
• power

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Social Change in the North

• Workers organize by forming labor unions
• groups of workers who unite for better pay and
  conditions
• Workingmens Party
• Unions use the strike to try to achieve goals
• Middle class emerges bankers, lawyers,
  accountants, etc.
• Emigration from Ireland and Germany in the 1840s
  due to political upheavals, depressions, and
  famines many were Catholic or Jewish

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Labor Disputes

• Long hours and low wages
• Owners grow rich workers will demand more from
  their bosses
• Main complains are long hours and low wages
• Strike work stoppage
• Labor union organization of workers formed to
  protect the interests of its members National
  Trades Union (NTU) formed to protect interests
  of workers unions soon died out, but showed
  workers would take action against employers
• By 1840s, North is a mixed economy of industry
  and agriculture

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Rise of Banking

• Banks made money by charging interest for the
  loans it made banks used the money that
  customers deposited.
• No insurance on deposits
• Many banks made bad loans that could not be
  repaid
• Bank notes, paper issued to customers, were
  unpredictable since the value fluctuated

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Growth of Cities

• By 1840 12 of the population lived in cities in
  the North
• Tenements crowded apartments with poor standards
  of sanitation, safety, and comfort
• Cities were unable to handle the rapid increases
  in their populations no sewage systems, or
  reliable water
• Thousands killed or sickened by cholera in 1832
  and 1833

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Urban Growth

• Cities developed slowly
• New Orleans, Charleston, Richmond smaller
  populations than Northern cities
• Poor housing and sanitation
• Large numbers of free African Americans in
  cities by 1850 12 of African Americans were free

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Industrialization in the Northeast
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Geography of the South

• Rural Pertaining to the countryside
• 200 to 290 frost-free days made farming
  profitable
• Fertile soil and plentiful rain
• Few factories in the South
• Many farmers moved to trans-Appalachia
• Small farmers often bought out by large
  plantation owners

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The South - As cotton farming grew, so did the
slave trade leading to several slave revolts
South develops economy based on farming and
slavery
South has good conditions for farming
Cotton Gin makes cotton manufacturing more
profitable
Rich landowners create huge plantations, relying
on slave labor to grow cotton. Cottonocracy
Cotton becomes the most valuable product in the
South
Industrial Revolution leads to growing textile
industry which needs cotton to make cloth
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King Cotton

• Three developments increased cotton production
• -cotton gin
• -western expansion
• -industrialization
• In the early 1800s cotton farming became the
  Souths main economic activity. This boosted the
  slave trade, triggering slave revolts in 1822 and
  1831.
• 1850 crop over 1 billion pounds
• 1860 cotton made up 2/3 of value of American
  exports
• Created enormous wealth in the South

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Chart Cotton Production and Slavery, 1800-1860
Cotton Production and Slavery, 1800-1860
CHART
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Slavery System

• By 1804, all northern states had either banned
  slavery or passed laws to end it gradually
• 1808, Congress banned importation of slaves
• Slave trade in the South increased due to
  population growth of slaves
• Slave population 3.2 million by 1850 4 million
  in 1860 typical worth was 1,800
• Increase due to high birth rate
• South became too dependent on one crop with the
  population dispersed few immigrants population
  in the North increased

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Slavery on Farms

• Small farms more contact with whites
• Large plantations large slave communities
• Harsher conditions
• Womens roles were difficult due to child care,
  housework, and laboring in the fields some women
  endured physical or sexual abuse by owners

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Slaves as Property

• Prices for slaves rose in the 1830s
• Price rose from 500. in 1832 to 1,300 in 1837
• Little regard for keeping families together

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Slave Revolts

• Veseys Plan Denmark Vesey, a free slave,
  planned a slave revolt he planned to seize
  Charleston in 1822, kill all whites, and burn the
  city
• Betrayed by followers Vesey was hanged along
  with 34 others

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Turners Rebellion

• 1831 Turner led slaves in raids, killing 57 white
  people
• Hanged along with other slaves
• Riot by whites resulted in 100 slaves being killed

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Alarm

• White southerners nightmare since slaves often
  outnumbered the whites
• Tightened restrictions on slaves
• -prevented the teaching of reading
• -stopped slaves from moving freely or meeting
  to stop communication

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Economic Consequences

• Dependent on one crop
• Small urban population
• Little industrialization
• Few immigrants
• North increased political power in the House of
  Representatives
• Limited consumer demand because slaves had no
  money

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Cultural Consequences

• Dispersed population
• No education for slaves and little for poor
  whites
• Hope of farmers was to gain plantations
• Fear of revenge of freed slaves
• Sense of superiority of Southern whites
• Defense of slavery as a good institution, better
  than the industrial life of the North

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Note Taking Reading Skill Compare and Contrast
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An Era of NationalismSection 3

• How did domestic and foreign policies reflect the
  nationalism of the times?
• Vocabulary
• nationalism Adams-Onís Treaty
• Henry Clay Monroe Doctrine
• American System Missouri Compromise
• John Quincy Adams

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An Era of Nationalism
Nationalism Shapes Domestic Policies   Main Idea
In 1817, people in all parts of the country
seemed united in purpose. A spirit of
nationalisma glorification and promotion of the
nationswept the country. Nationalism
Influences Foreign Affairs Main Idea
Nationalism affected more than domestic policy.
It also influenced the nations foreign policy. A
key figure in this development was John Quincy
Adams, James Monroes Secretary of State and son
of former President John Adams. The Nation
Compromises Over Slavery Main Idea Missouris
admission to the union as a new state posed the
potential to offset the balance of free and slave
states. Henry Clay crafted the Missouri
Compromise in an attempt to re-establish balance.
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Nationalism

• People began to think of themselves as Americans
• Leaders sought to exercise the powers of the
  federal government to unite the country

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Era of Good Feelings - (1817-1824)

• James Monroe President
• After War of 1812
• Feeling of Nationalism came to USA that had been
  missing since after the Revolution
• Good Feelings
• Nationalism
• Incredible Growth
• 1816 - 2nd Bank of the U.S. helped growth
• Henry Clays American System
• Protective tariff, national bank, federal aid for
  roads, bridges, and canals
• Political parties faded
• Three Political Giants
• John C. Calhoun - SC, farmer, Yale, intensity
• Daniel Webster - MA, Lawyer, well-respected
• Henry Clay - The Great Compromiser, KY

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• John C. Calhoun
• Daniel Webster
• Henry Clay

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Nationalist Economic Policies

• Henry Clay American System wanted federal
  government to build roads and canals to Midwest
• Wanted to reestablish national bank to control
  money supply and banking
• 1816 second Bank of the U.S. established

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Supreme Court Cases

• McCulloch v. Maryland Maryland tried to wipe out
  the National Bank by levying heavy taxes on it
  Marshall ruled that Congress had authority to
  charter the national bank
• Powers of the federal government greater than
  those spelled out in Constitution
• Used Article I, Section 8 that states that
  Congress has the right to make all laws
  necessary and proper for carrying out the powers
  granted it under the Constitution no tax on
  bank states cannot tax institutions created by
  the federal government

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Supreme Court Cases

• Dartmouth College v. Woodward New Hampshire
  could not change charter of the college
  protected business contracts and helped the
  economy by providing stability
• Gibbons v. Ogden Ogden sued Gibbons, who had a
  federal license to operate a steamboat line
  between New York and New Jersey Marshall
  declared that states could not regulate commerce
  on interstate waterways, giving the federal
  government authority over all types of interstate
  business

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Economic Panics

• Boom-and-bust cycle of business
• Between 1815 and 1860, there were three panics
  1819, 1837, and 1857

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Diagram Cycles of Boom and Bust
Cycles of Boom and Bust
DIAGRAM
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American Art and Literature

• American Renaissance reflected the
  nationalistic spirit
• James Fenimore Cooper The Leatherstocking Tales
• The Hudson River School landscape paintings

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Expanding the United States

• General Andrew Jackson entered Florida to fight
  the Seminoles, who were raiding Georgia and
  protecting run-away slaves, seizing Spanish forts
• Adams-Onís Treaty 1819 Americans gained Florida

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Nationalism Abroad

• Rush-Bagot Agreement eased tension with Britain
  by reducing the number of warships on the Great
  Lakes
• Later extended the northern border of the U.S.
  along the 49 N latitude to the Rocky Mountains

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Nationalism

• Monroe Doctrine
• 1. U. S. not involved with European affairs
• 2. U. S. recognized colonies in Western
  Hemisphere and would not interfere
• 3. U.S. would not permit any further colonization
  of the Western Hemisphere
• 4. Any attempt by a European power to control any
  nation in the Western Hemisphere would be seen as
  a hostile action

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Missouri Compromise

• Missouri sought admission as a state
• Controversy over slavery 1820
• Provisions of Compromise
• 1. Missouri admitted as a slave state
  Maine would be admitted as a free state
• 2. As U.S. expanded westward, states north of
  36o30 would be free

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Democracy and the Age of JacksonSection 4

• What changes did Andrew Jackson represent in
  American political life?
• Terms and People
• causus spoils system
• Andrew Jackson Indian Removal Act
• Martin Van Buren Trail of Tears
• Jacksonian Democracy

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Democracy and the Age of Jackson
The Election of 1824 Main Idea The election of
1824 resulted in the House of Representatives
having to decide the outcome. John Quincy Adams
became President and received criticism for his
aggressive program of federal spending. Jackson
Emerges Main Idea In his speeches and writings,
Jackson celebrated majority rule and the dignity
of the common people. He projected himself as a
down-to-earth common man, which contrasted with
the image of the aristocratic leaders of the
past. Native American Revival Main Idea Many
southern whites believed that Indians could never
be civilized and wanted to seize their valuable
lands. Many Indians resisted removal, and
violence erupted. However, U.S. troops prevailed
and forced the Indians from their lands.
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John Quincy Adams

• Son of John Adams
• Secretary of State under James Monroe
• After serving as President, he was elected to the
  House of Representatives until his death

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John Calhoun

• South Carolina lawyer, plantation owner,
  statesman
• For nationalism sponsored economic measures to
  help unify the nation (Second Bank of the U.S.,
  roads, navy, and tariffs)
• Foresaw Civil War over slavery
• Withdrew from election 1824

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Henry Clay

• Kentucky plantation owner (freed slaves in will)
• Harry of the West
• Gift for giving speeches
• Survived two duels
• Senator who ran for President in 1824

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Andrew Jackson

• Tennessee plantation owner General in Army
• Victories in War of 1812 and Seminoles and
  Spanish in Florida made him famous
• Popular with colorful personality
• Said to be poorly educated and ill-tempered
• Ran for President in 1824

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Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) First to
have Vice President (John Calhoun) resign
First to be nominated at a national
convention--second term First target
of an assassination attempt First
born in a Log Cabin First to marry a
divorcee Only first lady who smoked
a pipe. First 'Toga Party' at the
President's House First to use the
pocket veto First to ride on a train
First to be convicted of a contempt
of court charge - in 1815 Andrew Jackson was
fined 1,000 for contempt of court for refusing
to lift martial law before receiving
confirmation of peace. First former
POW (Revolutionary War) Last
Revolutionary War Veteran Only
president to pay off the national debt
Only veteran who served in both the
Revolutionary War and the War of 1812
Wounded in a duel at the age of 39, Jackson
carried the bullet, lodged near his heart, to
his grave One of four presidents to
have a state capital named for him -- Jackson,
Mississippi Jefferson, MissouriMadison,
Wisconsin and Lincoln, Nebraska
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Election of 1824

• Andrew Jackson receives the most popular votes
• John Quincy Adams defeats Henry Clay and General
  Andrew Jackson
• Election is decided in the House of
  Representatives
• Corrupt Bargain Jackson accuses Adams and Clay
  of corruption House of Representatives decided
  Clay delivered KY for Adams Adams made Clay
  Secretary of State

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2 New Political Parties

• Election of 1824
• The Corrupt Bargain - Why is it called this?

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Two Political Parties

• National Republicans Adams and Clay
• Want strong federal government canals, roads,
  bridges, universities
• Want protective tariffs to help American
  industry, favored a national bank, and tended to
  be middle-class Protestants
• Jacksonian Democrats wanted Jeffersons idea of
  limited government and individual freedoms
  against strong federal government, wanted states
  to build infrastructure, against national bank,
  tended to be slaveholders, small farmers,
  non-Protestants, and working class

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Election of 1828

• John Quincy Adams versus Andrew Jackson
• More than twice as many men voted than in 1824
• Jackson wins with large vote by common people,
  especially from the West

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Spoils System

• Patronage practice of hiring political
  supporters as government workers
• Spoils system under Jackson the spoils (jobs)
  were given to party supporters and friends
• Veto Power
• -Jackson believed in limited government
• -Vetoed more acts of Congress than the six
  previous Presidents combined

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Changes

• Growing power of the West first President from
  west of the Appalachian Mountains
• Common white man could now vote in many states
  laws requiring voters to be property owners
  repealed

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The National Bank
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Indian Removal Act

• Five Civilized Tribes Cherokee, Creek,
  Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole farmed whites
  wanted the land
• Authorized Jackson to give land in the Louisiana
  Purchase for land in East
• Worcester v. Georgia
• -Marshall ruled that Georgia had no authority
  over Cherokee territory Georgia ignored the
  ruling
• -Jackson supported Georgia

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Infographic The Trail of Tears
The Trail of Tears
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Trail of Tears

• In 1838, Cherokees began a 116-day forced march
  in groups of 1,000
• One-forth of the Cherokee died
• Received only 3 million

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Constitutional Disputes and CrisesSection 5

• What major political issues emerged during the
  1830s?
• Terms and people
• Tariff of Abominations
• John C. Calhoun
• nullification
• Whig

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Constitutional Disputes and Crises
The Nullification Crisis Main Idea In general,
the industrial North favored protective tariffs,
while the agricultural South disliked them. The
Bank War Main Idea Jackson longed to revive
Jeffersons ideal of an agrarian republic, in
which almost all white men owned farms and
enjoyed a rough equality. But growing
industrialization worked against that vision.
Politics After Jackson Main Idea Economic
trouble spread as private banks, free from
federal regulation, flooded the economy with
paper money, or bank notes. The face value of
bank notes rose significantly however, the true
value of this money was uncertain.
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Tariff of 1828

• Heavy tax on imports to encourage American
  manufacturing
• South called it the Tariff of Abomination
• In 1832 South Carolina declared tariffs null and
  void John C. Calhoun, Jacksons Vice President,
  opposed the tariff
• SC threatened to secede or withdraw from the
  Union
• Daniel Webster of Massachusetts defends the Union
• Tariff is reduced and Force Bill is passed,
  giving Jackson authority to use troops in SC, if
  necessary

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The Nullification Crisis of 1833
DIAGRAM
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Bank War

• Bank of U.S. could operate until 1836 under its
  charter
• Clay, Webster, and banker Nicholas Biddle decided
  to recharter it in 1832
• Jackson believed that the bank favored the rich
• Business leaders believed that provided a stable
  currency
• Jackson vetoed the bill and won reelection in
  1832, defeating Henry Clay

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Whig Party Forms

• Henry Clay and Daniel Webster formed the Whigs,
  taken from a British political party, to oppose
  Jackson
• Nationalists who wanted a strong federal
  government to manage the economy
• Wanted protective tariffs, internal improvements,
  and a national bank

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Election of 1832

• Jackson defeats Henry Clay to be reelected
• National Republicans (Whigs) called Jackson King
  Andrew I
• Cartoon page 237
• Jackson withdrew federal money from the Bank of
  the U.S. and placed it in state banks
• Result was inflation

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Analyze Political Cartoons King Andrew Jackson
Political Cartoons King Andrew Jackson
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Jacksons Successors

• Martin Van Buren elected 1836 not as popular
• Jackson put federal funds into pet banks that
  printed and lent paper money recklessly
• Panic of 1837 Specie Circular stated that
  federal government would only take gold or silver
  for land
• Thousands lost their jobs

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Panic of 1839

• Continued the depression, throwing thousands out
  of work
• Bad times continued into the Election of 1840

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Election of 1840

• William Henry Harrison ran for Whigs
• Van Buren defeated
• Harrison died after one month and John Tyler
  becomes president

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John Tyler
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