ENDOKRINOLOGI

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• ENDOKRINOLOGI
• PKH 4207 /2 SKS

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DISKRIPSI MATA KULIAH

• Mata kuliah Endokrinologi akan membahas tentang
  konsep dasar sistem endokrin, jenis, fungsi,
  peran dan mekanisme hormon, substansi like
  hormon, ketidak seimbangan hormonal dalam sintesa
  protein, sistem pertumbuhan, urigenital, digesti,
  kardiovaskuler, respirasi, syaraf dan kekebalan.
• Sehingga pada akhir pembelajaran mahasiswa dapat
  memahami, mensintesakan dan menyajikan di depan
  kelas tentang mekanisme dan peran hormon pada
  performance hewan

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Learning Objective

• Memahami tujuan, manfaat, keterkaitan dg mk yang
  lain dalam mencapai kompetensi lulusan

• Semaster ini MK yang berkaitan
  BiokimiaVeteriner 2 , Fisiologi Veteriner

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The systemic problem

• Many compounds introduced into the environment
  by human activity are capable of disrupting the
  endocrine system of animals, including fish,
  wildlife, and humans. The consequences of such
  disruption
• can be profound. . . -.

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Arnold A Berthold (1803-1861)

• In one of the first endocrine experiments ever
  recorded, Professor Arnold A. Berthold of
  Gottingen did a series of tests on roosters in
  1849 while he was curator of the local zoo.

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Claude Bernard (1813-1878)
Claude Bernard stated that the endocrine system
regulates the internal milieu of an animal. The
internal secretions were liberated by one part
of the body, traveled via the bloodstream to
distant targets cells. Circa 1854 Bernard's
charge was to demonstrate that medicine, in order
to progress, must be founded on experimental
physiology.
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Charles Edouard Brown-Séquard (1817-1894)

• Brown-Sequard further piqued mainstream
  scientific interest in the chemical contents of
  the testes with his famous auto-experimentation.
  On June 1, 1889, before the Sociète de Biologic
  in Paris, Brown-Sequard reported that he had
  increased his physical strength, mental abilities
  and appetite by self-injection with an extract
  derived from the testicles of dogs and guinea
  pigs
• Although never substantiated, this claim prompted
  researchers around the world to pursue the new
  field of organotherapy

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Ernest Henry Starling (1866-1927)

• Besides "his" law of the heart, Starling
  discovered the functional significance of serum
  proteins.
• In 1902 along with Bayliss he demonstrated that
  secretin stimulates pancreatic secretion.
• In 1924 along with E. B. Vernay he demonstrated
  the reabsorption of water by the tubules of the
  kidney.
• He was the first to use the term hormone

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Animal evidence surrounds us

• Like many other mammals from the Lower Columbia
  River are infertile because the males penises
  are too small to mate
• Alligators affected by pesticides cannot
  reproduce
• Male fish develop female hormones
• In birds, eggshells thin so chicks cannot survive

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Endocrine Glands
Ovary
Hypothalamus
Adrenal
Pineal
Uterus
Pituitary
Testes (in bull)
Thyroid
Pancreas
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The body has three marvelous communication systems

• The nervous system
• The immune system
• The endocrine system, a network of glands which
  release hormones

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Hormones are chemical signals

• which regulate almost every biological process
• Growth and development
• Mental development, mood, memory
• Sexual maturation
• Immune function

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Hormones are released by the glands

• And travel through the blood until they reach
  their particular receptor cell
• Where they fit, like a key in a lock, to turn on
  or off functions

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Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals

• Are natural or man-made compounds
• Which fit into hormone receptors
• Blocking the normal hormone, or
• Acting instead of the normal hormone, in an
  irregular manner

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Endocrine system maintains homeostasis

• The concept that hormones acting on distant
  target cells to maintain the stability of the
  internal milieu was a major advance in
  physiological understanding.
• The secretion of the hormone was evoked by a
  change in the milieu and the resulting action on
  the target cell restored the milieu to
  normal.The desired return to the status quo
  results in the maintenance of homeostasis

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Early development is crucial

• A particular signal blocked during early
  pregnancy can affect both children and adults
• For example, children of mothers who ate low
  doses of PCBs in fish from Lake Michigan show
  effects 11 years later

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Hormone Systems We KnowCan Be Affected
Endocrine system Functions
Glucocorticoids Glucose, carbohydrate, lipid, protein metabolism
Estrogen Sexual development
Progesterone Menstruation cycle, synthesis of testosterone
Thyroid Brain development, behaviour
Retinoids Cell differentiation, Growth of limbs