SEAMANSHIP Chapter 1

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AUXILIARY OPERATIONAL SPECIALTY
COURSESEAMANSHIP ( AUXSEA)U.S. DEPARTMENT OF
TRANSPORTATIONUNITED STATES COAST GUARD
AUXILIARYDIRAUX ANNEX WEST7TH USCG
DISTRICTMIAMI, FLORIDA
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CREDIT FOR GRAPHICS
Our sincere thanks to the following federal
agencies for the use of their PUBLIC DOMAIN
graphics DOC.NOAA, NWS DOT, FAA, USCG, USCG
AUX. .
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CREDITS, CONTD
In addition, we would like to thank those
Auxiliarists who generously contributed their
time, expertise, talents and equipment to provide
this course with valuable graphic works included
herein. Linda Vetter, SO-OP D1 11-N
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PRODUCTION CREDITS
This Distance Learning Course was produced by
William N. Seiler, Asst. Supervisor, Computer
Support Group, Training Presentations Ed Rhea,
Asst. to the Supervisor. and Jim Carol, Computer
Support Group Staff Douglas Simpson, Supervisor,
Computer Support Group, DIRAUX WEST, Venice, Fl.
and under the direction of Kevin Crawley, CDR,
USCG, DIRAUX, USCG 7th District, Miami, Fl. and
is for GENERAL INSTRUCTIONAL PURPPOSES ONLY.
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INTRODUCTIONSEAMANSHIP

1. Welcome to the Auxiliary Operational Specialty
   course SEAMANSHIP or AUXSEA.
2. The term SEAMANSHIP literally encompasses the
   entire subject of boating.
3. This is one of seven (7) courses leading to the
   coveted AUXOP rating and award of the badge.

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SEAMANSHIP

• TEXTS STUDY GUIDES-REFERENCES
• REFERENCE TEXT ANY VERSION OF CHAPMANS
  SEAMANSHIP.
• STUDY THE SAME TOPIC IN THE STUDY GUIDE AND
• IN CHAPMANS.
• TEXT P16794.41 115 APR 1992 WITH PROPER CHANGES.
• FINAL EXAMINATION BASED ON STUDY QUESTIONS AT END
  OF EACH CHAPTER IN STUDY GUIDE.
• SEE INSTRUCTOR AND MENTOR FOR FURTHER GUIDANCE.

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TERMINOLOGY AROUND A BOAT

1. BOW The most foward portion of the main hull
   (the pointy end).
2. FOWARD Towards (in the direction of) the Bow.
3. AHEAD Hull motion relative to the bow.
4. STERN Aftermost portion of the main hull the
   back end of the vessel (the BLUNT end),

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TERMINOLOGY AROUND A BOAT

• AFT In the direction of the stern towards the
  back end of the boat.
• ASTERN Direction of hull motion relative to the
  stern backing motion relative to the bow.
• SIDES Looking towards the bow, from the stern
  (on either side of the keel)
• Side to your right is STARBOARD.
• Side to your left is PORT.

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TERMINOLOGY AROUND A BOAT
PLEASE NOTE There are NO right or left
sides on the water. There are only PORTs and
STARBOARDs. d. BEAM The widest point of the
hull, gunwale to gunwale. e. ATHWARTSHIP
Any measurement made from one side of the hull
to the other at 90 degrees to the keel.
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TERMINOLOGY

• TERMS DENOTING HULL SHAPE
• SHEER The curve or sweep of the deck, from bow
  to stern, of a vessel when viewed from the side
• FLARE The outward curvature of the sides of the
  boat near the bow (looking head-on), which helps
  to keep the vessels decks drier.

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TERMINOLOGY

• HULLS BOTTOM
• FLAT Little or NO lateral curvature when viewed
  from either the bow or the stern.
• ROUND When viewed from the bow or the stern, the
  sides show a definite roundness or curving
  down and inward from the deck towards the keel.

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TERMINOLOGY
HULLS BOTTOM TYPE VEE When viewed from the
bow, the sides slope sharply towards the keel but
have a tendency to flare out shortly after the
bow and may continue do so up to the mid-point of
the hull. DEEP V Carries the sharp V style
much farther aft. SHALLOW or SEMI-V . V
shallows out very rapidly aft of the bow. NOTE
The deeper the V the softer the ride and the
greater the directional control especially at LOW
speeds.
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TWO BASIC HULL TYPES

1. DISPLACEMENT
2. When loaded, sets low in the water. Flotation
   depends on the amount of water displaced by hull.
   Water displaced gt/ weight of the vessel. Usually
   slower vessel.
3. PLANING Sets on top of the water. Fast moving.
   Flotation does not depend as much on amount of
   water displaced by the hull. Load capabilities
   from dynamic actions with the hulls bottom and
   the water surface.

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DISPLACEMENT HULLS
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PLANING HULL
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TWO BASIC CABIN STYLES

1. TRUNK Does not extend fully from gunwale to
   gunwale has walking space on both sides.
2. RAISED DECK Does extend all the way, from
   gunwale to gunwale NO walking space on either
   side.

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OTHER BOATING TERMS

1. KEELSON A timber ( can also be of metal)
   fastened along the top of the keel, inside of the
   hull.
2. LIMBER HOLES Passages cut into the area next to
   the keel to allow water to properly flow to its
   lowest point, to be pumped out.
3. KING POST The spoke of a steering wheel that is
   vertical when the rudder is exactly centered
   along the keel.
4. THWART A transverse seat generally in a rowing
   craft.

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OTHER BOATING TERMS
BOOTOP The general area of the exterior hull at
the waterline. THWART STANCHION A vertical
support (stanchion) for a transverse seat
(thwart).
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OTHER BOATING TERMS
BOAT MOTIONS PITCH The UP and DOWN vertical
motion of the bow as the boat rotates around its
lateral axis. ROLL The gunwaleto - gunwale
motion of the hull as it rotates around its
longitudinal axis. YAW The swinging motion of
the bow from side to side, as the hull rotates
around its vertical axis.
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DANGEROUS BOATING MOTIONS
BROACH Downhill fairly high speed. Bow sharply
digs under the surface. Floods or significantly
washes main decks. CAPSIZING Vessel rolls over
bottom up difficult or impossible
recovery. PITCHPOLING Commonly following a
BROACH and loss of directional control. Bow
plunges deep turns sharply to one side vessel
rolls and capsizes. Violent potentially lethal
maneuver.
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SAILBOAT CONFIGURATION

• IDENTIFICATION DEPENDS UPON THE NUMBER OF MASTS
  AND SAILS AND WHERE PLACED.
• The graphics which follow are highly simplified
  examples.

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CATBOAT CONFIGURATION
Mainsail
CATBOAT Single mast One mainsail Marconi or
Gaff
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SLOOP CONFIGURATION
Mainsail
Jib
SLOOP Single mast mainsail and jib.
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KETCH CONFIGURATION
STEERING STATION
Two masts smaller aft after mast ahead of
steering station
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YAWL CONFIGURATION
STEERING STATION
Two masts smaller BEHIND the steering station
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SCHOONER CONFIGURATION
MAIN
Foremast
SCHOONER At least two masts Main is aft and
taller. Foremast is foward. May carry many sails.
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SEAMANSHIP BOAT BUILDING MATERIALS

• Five (5) materials considered
• FIBERGLASS
• WOOD
• STEEL
• ALUMINUM
• FABRIC

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FIBERGLASS
DEFINITION STRANDS OF GLASS, SATURATED WITH
RESIN and allowed TO PROPERLY DRY AND CURE
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TYPES OF FIBERGLAS
CHOPPED STRANDS
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FIBERGLASS

• MOST POPULAR building material
• REASON FOR PRIMARY CHOICE
• EASE OF MAINTENANCE

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TERMINOLOGY
A fiberglass hull is composed of matting, roving,
cloth and strands of fiberglass saturated with
plastic resin(s) very similar to
steel-reinforced concrete.
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ADVANTAGES OF FIBERGLASS

• IMPERVIOUS TO MARINE ANIMALS, WORMS / BORERS
  (NOT GROWTH.)
• NO DRY ROT
• FEW OR NO SEAMS / JOINTS
• NO LEAKS FROM SEAMS / JOINTS
• COLOR MOLDED IN
• STRONG
• MOLD INTO ALMOST ANY SHAPE
• LOW MAINTENANCE

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DISADVANTAGES OF FIBERGLASS

1. HEAVIER THAN WATER READILY SINKS
2. EASIER TO COVER UP SHODDY WORKMANSHIP

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TWO KINDS OF RESINS

• POLYESTER
• VERSATILE
• EASY TO WORK WITH/ HANDLE
• INEXPENSIVE
• 2. EPOXIES
• STRONGER
• MORE EXPENSIVE
• MORE DIFFICULT TO WORK WITH.

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RESIN ADDITIVES

1. Hardeners HARDEN THE RESIN
2. Driers CONTROL THE CURING TIME
3. Fire Suppressants MAKE THE RESIN FIRE RETARDANT
4. ALL RESINS EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE

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MOLDS
MALE MOLD PLUG Exact size, shape of object to
mold FEMALE MOLD CAVITY MOLD USED FOR
HAND-LAYUP CHOPPED STRAND NOTE Gel Coat
applied first, to the inside of the female
mold. BLOWGUN PROCESS Fastest, smoothest results
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MOLDS
MATCHED DIE MALE / FEMALE MOLDS CLAMPED
TOGETHER LAMINATE USED BETWEEN
(SANDWICHED) BALSA WOOD FOAMED
PLASTICS PLYWOOD
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WOOD
CONSIDERATION FOR USE 1. STRENGTH 2.
AVAILABILITY 3. WORKABILITY 4. WATER
ABSORPTION 5. LEAST NOISY
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WOOD CONSTRUCTION
MORE DECAY RESISTANT HARD WOODS ASH,
MAHOGANY, TEAK, OAK LESS DECAY
RESISTANT SOFTER WOODS CEDAR, FIR, PINE
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WOOD DISADVANTAGES

1. NUMBER ONE DRY ROT
2. HIGHLY SUCEPTIBLE TO WORMS, BORERS
3. ABSORBS WATER
4. EASILY DAMAGED

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STEEL CONSTRUCTION
DISADVANTAGES 1. QUICK DETERIORATION 2.
CONSIDERABLE CONTINUOUS
MAINTENANCE
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STEEL CONSTRUCTION

• ADVANTAGES
• STRONGEST STRENGTH TO WEIGHT RATIO
• 2. STIFF \ RESISTANT TO
• IMPACT FATIGUE - ABRASION
• 3. LESS NOISY THAN ALL BUT WOOD

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ALUMINUM CONSTRUCTION
ADVANTAGES 1. LIGHT WEIGHT 2.
IMPERVIOUS TO MARINE ANIMALS ( NOT GROWTH ) 3.
FAIRLY EASY TO FORM
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ALUMINUM CONSTRUCTION

• DISADVANTAGES
• SUSCEPTIBLE TO ELECTROLYSIS
• HEAT CONDUCTOR
• 3. NOISY
• 4. EASY TO DAMAGE

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STEERING SYSTEMSTILLER
A SIMPLE RUDDER POST WITH A HANDLE ON TOP OF IT,
BY WHICH TO STEER. The most simple of all
steering systems
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THE SIMPLE TILLER
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STEERING SYSTEMSDRUM CABLE
A DRUM IS ATTACHED TO A STEERING WHEEL. A CABLE
IS WOUND AROUND THE DRUM FED THROUGH A SERIES OF
PULLEYS FOR SUSPENSION, THEN TO EACH SIDE OF A
YOKE ATTACHED TO A RUDDER POST. TURNING THE
STEERING WHEEL ACUTATES THE STEERING.
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DRUM CABLE SYSTEM
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STEERING SYSTEMSSPROCKET CHAIN
IF YOU REPLACE THE DRUM IN THE DRUM CABLE WITH
A SPROCKET, THE TWO SYSTEMS WORK ALMOST
IDENTICALLY. THE SPROCKET AND CHAIN IS BUILT FOR
HEAVIER BOATS AND GREATER WORKLOADS.
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RACK PINION
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RACK PINION
THE STEERING CABLE IS ENCLOSED IN A CONDUIT . A
PINION GEAR IS ATTACHED TO THE END OF THE
STEERING SHAFT AND TO ONE END OF A RACK WHICH
ATTACHES TO THE OTHER END OF THE CABLE. THE CABLE
ALSO ATTACHES TO THE RUDDER POST OR THE OUTBOARD
ENGINE. TURNING THE WHEEL TRANSLATES INTO
TURNING THE RUDDER OR THE OUTBOARD ENGINE.
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STEERING SYSTEMSGEAR SHAFT
NORMALLY NOT FOUND ON SMALL BOATS A series of
worm and bevel gears are attached to a steering
shaft which again, like the RACK PINION ,
translates the directional forces into steerage.
This system is for strong, powerful, heavy
applied loads such as those on large ocean going
vessels.
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GEAR SHAFTLARGER VESSELS
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HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
SIMILAR TO THOSE FOUND ON AUTOMOBILES. HYDRAULIC
FLUID, UNDER PRESSURE, ACTUATES STEERING CABLE
CHANGES WHICH ARE TRANSLATED INTO TURNING MOTIONS
OF THE RUDDER OR OUTBOARD.
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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 1

• A sloop is a sailboat with _______
• a. a single mast, with a mainsail and a jib
• b. two masts, the aftermast being shorter
• than the foreword mast.
• c. a single mast rigged to hoist only one sail.
• d. two or more masts the aftermast taller than
• the foreword mast.

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REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. A sloop is a sailboat with________ a. a
single mast with a mainsail and jib
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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 2

• A fiberglass hull is constructed of strands and
  layers of fiberglass ______________
• a. bonded with hydraulic cement.
• b. saturated with latex cement.
• c. saturated with resin.
• d. reinforced with steel mesh.

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REVIEW QUESTIONS
2. A fiberglass hull is constructed of strands
and layers of fiberglass ________________ c.
saturated with resin
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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 3
3. On a strength-to-weight ratio, sheet steel
is_________________ a. stronger than
fiberglass b. equal to wood c. weaker than
aluminum d. equal to fiberglass
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
3. On a strength-to-weight ratio, sheet steel
is ____________________ a. stronger than
fiberglass
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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 4
4. Steel boat hulls___________________ a.
require considerable maintenance b. require no
protective painting for growths c. have a higher
strength-to-weight ratio than wood and
aluminum but not fiberglass. d. are less noisy
than all other boat building materials.
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
4. Steel boat hulls ___________________ a.
require considerable maintenance
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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 5
5. The simplest type of steering mechanism for a
boat is the____________________ a. rack and
pinion b. drum and cable c. sprocket and
chain d. tiller
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
5. The simplest type of steering mechanism for a
boat is the ________________________ d. tiller
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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 6
6. Limber holes____________________ a. permit
water to pass through a boats frame. b.
provide finger holds for lifting floor
boards. c. provide ventilation in holds. d. are
used to inspect the bilges.
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
6. Limber Holes ________________ a. permit
water to pass through a boats frame
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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 7
7. The curve or sweep of a vessel, as viewed from
the side is called the ______ a. freeboard b
boot top c. sheer d. tumble home
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
7. The curve or sweep of a vessel, as viewed from
the side, is called the ____ c. sheer
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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 8
8. The outward curvature of the sides of the
hull, near the bow, that is used to keep the
deck drier, is called the_________________ a.
sheer b. freeboard c. trunk d. flare
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
8. The outward curvature of the sides of the hull
near the bow, that is used to keep the deck
drier, is called the________________ d. flair
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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 9
9. The use of two or more different materials,
when constructing the hull, is called_____construc
tion. a. layered b. multiple c. composite d.
feathered
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
9. The use of two or more different materials,
when constructing the hull, is called
_____ construction. c. composite
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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 10
10. The top advantage of a steel hull
is_______ a. its weight b. it is quieter c.
it is easier to maintain d. it is fire proof
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
10. The top advantage of a steel hull is____ b.
it is quieter
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END CHAPTER 1