SEAMANSHIP

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CHAPTER 2 SEAMANSHIP
BOAT MAINTENANCE
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HAULING OUT
IF YOU HAUL OUT, MANY MAINTANENCE CHORES CAN
BEST BE DONE AT THIS TIME
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LAYING UP

• Chocking or shoring up DO NOT let the weight of
  the hull rest on the shoring.
• Adjust the shoring so that the keel absorbs the
  majority of the weight of the boat.

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PROPER SHORING
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LAYING UP

• WINTERIZE DRAIN WATER SYSTEM
• FILL FUEL TANKS
• DRY THE BILGE(S)
• CHANGE ENGINE OIL/FILTER
• LAYUP ENGINE PER MFGS MANUAL
• REMOVE BATTERIES ( STORE/FULL CHARGE)
• REMOVE ALL PERISHABLES

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LAYING UP CONTd

• REMOVE ALL LIQUIDS
• REMOVE ALL CLOTHING/BEDDING
• REMOVE ANYTHING OF VALUE
• WASH DOWN THE INTERIOR
• REMOVE THE FLOORBOARDS

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LAYING UP CONTd

• CLEAN ALL GROWTH FROM THE BOTTOM
• WASH DOWN ENTIRE HULL WITH FRESH WATER,
  ESPECIALLY IF YOU STORE UNDER COVER.

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KEEP THE BOAT DRY

• CONDENSATION CAUSES DRY ROT
• IF THE BOAT IS OUTSIDE
• Make certain covers are SECURE.
• Check STRESS POINTS in cover for integrity.
• Install chafing gear where needed. Bungee cords
  good.
• Check the boat periodically, especially just
  BEFORE and immediately AFTER a storm.

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BOAT IN A BOAT YARD
Make certain that the proper people can
communicate with you , at all times
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BOTTOM

• The PROBLEM BOTTOMS BECOME FOULED BY MARINE
  GROWTH.
• TWO FORMS OF MARINE LIFE
• VEGETABLE GRASSES, WEEDS, ALGAE FUNGI
  Congregate around waterline but may cover entire
  bottom.
• ANIMAL WORMS, BORERS, SHELL FISH, BARNACLES.

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EFFECTS OF BOTTOM FOULING

• SLOWS HULL SPEEDS
• INCREASES FUEL CONSUMPTION
• INTERFERS WITH MANEUVERABILITY
• REDUCES OVERALL EFFICIENCY OF THE VESSEL

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EFFECTS OF BOTTOM FOULING

• ACCUMULATIONS OF BARNACLES OR OYSTERS MAY MANDATE
  GRINDING DOWN OF THE HULL.
• VERY EXPENSIVE, EVEN IF POSSIBLE.
• ACCUMULATIONS OF ONLY A FEW WORMS IN A WOOD HULL
  CAN BE DEVASTATING.
• ALL OTHER HULL MATERIALS ARE IMPERVIOUS TO BORERS
  / WORMS.

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MODERN DAY BOTTOM PAINTS
TWO IMPORTANT ELEMENTS COPPER MERCURY Very
effective in preventing fouling by maintaining
antiseptic film over the boat bottom
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DISADVANTAGES OF BOTTOM PAINT

• GALVANIC ACTION (ELECTRONIC CORROSION) CAUSED
  BY METALLIC PAINT SALTS MERCURY / COPPER.
• AFFECTS ALL ELECTRONICS AND THEIR PERFORMANCE.
• DESTROYS METALLIC OBJECTS SUCH AS PROPELLERS,
  SHAFTS, RUDDER BLADES, STRUTS, ETC.

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DISADVANTAGES OF BOTTOM PAINTS
4. ZINCS (NEVER PAINTED)must be properly attached
to each component part to combat GALVANIC
ACTION. 5. GREAT CARE MUST BE TAKEN TO PROPERLY
MATCH THE PAINT TO YOUR BOATS NEEDS. 6. PAINT
MANUFACTURERS HAVE DEVELOPED REASONABLE SOLUTIONS.
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DRY ROT

• WOOD Anywhereand WOODEN BOATS in particular.
• Comes and goes, almost at random.
• GREAT MISNOMER Dry Rot ONLY occurs in the
  presence of FRESH WATER MOISTURE
• CAUSE A FUNGUS
• Salt water seems to discourage the fungus but
  will NOT cure it.

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DRY ROT - DETECTION

• Distinctively BAD ODOR. Once detected, never
  forgotten.
• Look in dark places in the bilge along the
  garboard strake floor boards all frames
  any-where two pieces of wood touch each other.
• VISIBLE EVIDENCE Spongy spots in the wood
  whitish powder, weaknesses in wood surface.

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DRY ROT - REMOVAL

• PROBE with knife or pick to discover it.
• REMOVE ALL OF IT, IMMEDIATELY! The fungus spreads
  like wildfire.
• CUT IT OUT with a knife including some of the
  good wood, just to make certain you get it all.
• Treating it is NOT enough.

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DRY ROT - PROTECTION

• There are some reliable treatments on the market
  and more are appearing.
• BEST PROTECTION Keep fresh water, including
  condensation, OUT OF YOUR BOAT!
• Keep the boat WELL VENTILATED and DRY!

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GALVANIC ACTION

• AN ELECTRO-CHEMICAL PROCESS whereby an ELECTRICAL
  CURRENT is generated when TWO DISSIMILAR METALS
  are connected IN ANY WAY.

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GALVANIC ACTION

• PRIME CAUSE OF METALLIC DESTRUCTION IN BOATS.
• SALT WATER BIGGEST OFFENDER
• ONE METAL ALWAYS SACRIFICED

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GALVANIC ACTION

• TWO METAL CLASSIFICATIONS
• CURRENT FLOWS FROM THE LEAST NOBLE TO THE MOST
  NOBLE METAL.
• MOST NOBLE CURRENT FLOWS into.
• LEAST NOBLE CURRENT FLOWS out of.
• Current OUT OF destroys the (LEAST NOBLE) metal.

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GALVANIC ACTION
MOST NOBLE ( Least susceptible and least
sacrificed) Mercury, Monel, Nickel, Silicon
Bronze LEAST NOBLE ( MOST SUSCEPTIBLE TO
DESTRUCTION) BRASS, ALUMINUM, ANYTHING
GALVANIZED, ZINC and MAGNESIUM.
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GALVANIC ACTION

• Remember It takes two to tango! There are ALWAYS
  more than two dissimilar metals on any boat!
• The PROBLEM is ALWAYS there, unless taken care
  of!

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GALVANIC ACTION

• SOME IMPORTANT NOTES
• YELLOW BRASS, COMPPOSED OF zinc AND copper
  becomes self destructing in salt water.
• Some propellers and many INSTRUMENT CASINGS AND
  BRASS SCREWS are still made of Yellow Brass.
• 3. NEVER paint an aluminum hull with COPPER
  paint. The hull will simply ROT AWAY because of
  GALVANIC ACTION Aluminum being the LEAST NOBLE
  metal.

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COUNTERACTING GALVANICS

• Add a SACRIFICIAL metal.
• THE COMMON ZINC Comes in all sizes, shapes.
  READILY AVAILABLE. INEXPENSIVE.
• FREQUENT INSPECTION for signs of destruction
  greyish color, pitted, pieces broken off.
• REPLACE IMMEDIATELY with new zincs.
• BRIGHT zincs are those NOT RESPONDING NOT
  PROTECTING THE NOBLE METAL!

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GALVANIC ACTION
NOTE NEVER---NEVER---NEVER LET ANYONE PAINT
YOUR ZINCS. Paint provides an insulating surface
that prevents the zinc from doing its job. In
the meantime, your shafts, rudder plates and
posts, etc. continue to be eaten away.
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ELECTROLYSIS
STRAY ELECTRICAL CURRENT passing through a metal
object in the boat, then into a natural ground,
such as sea water. PRIMARY EFFECT ERODES and
DESTROYS METALLIC PARTS OF THE BOAT. Very
similar to galvanic action.
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ELECTROLYSIS
SOLUTION Eliminate stray current sources in your
boat and surrounding area by GROUNDING THE
NEGATIVE BATTERY POLE to your ENGINE.
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ELECTROLYSIS

• Metal from your boat will transfer FROM the
  object in an OUT-GOING current, but will NOT
  transfer on an incoming current.
• Example Stray current enters through your
  propeller and gets into your steering system. It
  will NOT transfer metal to your steering system.
  But it WILL TRANSFER METAL FROM your steering
  system on the OUTGOING SIDE.

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ELECTROLYSIS

• Most of the stray currents originate from the
  POSITIVE battery pole (the outgoing side). When
  returning to the boat, they do so through the
  propeller shaft or outboard engine and DO NOT
  transfer metal.
• MAKE ABSOLUTELY CERTAIN EVERY ELECTRICAL SOURCE
  IS PROPERLY GROUNDED AT ALL TIMES.

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THE SHAFT TRAIN

• The SHAFT TRAIN inside the boat translates the
  POWER of the engine to the propeller outside of
  the boat.
• The shaft (power) train, except V- and Hydraulic
  drives consists of
• a). Shaft Log b). Shaft c) Strut
• d.) Strut bearing e.) Propeller.

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THE SHAFT TRAIN

• Most shafts are BRONZE, MONEL or STAINLESS STEEL
• SHAFT LOG The fitting that the shaft goes
  through the hull in, from the inside out.
• STUFFING BOX Located on the inside end of the
  shaft log. Packed with a waterproof packing.
  Pressure is maintained on the packing by an
  adjustable GLAND NUT to allow for controlled
  leakage.

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THE SHAFT TRAIN

• REMEMBER Proper LEAKAGE is REQUIRED for shaft
  bearing lubrication.
• STRUT Supports the SHAFT on the outside of the
  hull.
• STRUT BEARING Relies on outside water for
  lubrication.

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TYPICAL STUFFING BOX
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SHAFT TRAIN
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THE SHAFT TRAIN

• PROPELLER Varying sizes of PITCH, DIAMETER,
  CIRCUMFERENCE, LEFT or RIGHT ROTATION, SHAFT-HOLE
  SIZE, NUMBER OF BLADES and TYPE of METALS.
• PITCH Distance propeller will move ahead in ONE
  revolution.
• LOCK NUT Holds the propeller on the shaft.
  Probably the MOST important piece of the entire
  TRAIN.

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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 1

• The condition of dry rot is usually_______
• a. very slow to spread.
• b. eliminated by soaking affected areas with
• turpentine and then coating with spar
• varnish.
• c. first indicated by a distinctive odor.
• d. produced by an excessively dry
• environment.

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REVIEW QUESTIONS

• The condition of dry rot is usually_______
• c. first indicated by a distinctive
• odor.

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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 2
2. Galvanic action_____________________ a. is of
most concern when there are stray electrical
currents in the area. b. effects ferrous
materials only c. is caused by two dissimilar
metals being electrically connected
and immersed, either totally or partially, in
sea water. d. is always located where the shaft
is attached to the inboard engine.
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
2. Galvanic action is_________________ a. is
caused by two dissimilar metals in salt
water, electrically connected.
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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 3
3. The strut bearing____________________ a.
relies on water for lubrication. b. is stuffed
with oakum and grease. c. is located inside the
hull. d, is located where the shaft is attached
to the engine .
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
3. The strut bearing _________________ a. relies
on water for lubrication
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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 4
4. The most effective way to combat dry rot
when it is found is to ______ a. soak the
affected area with turpentine then coat
with spar varnish. b. dig out the soft spots
with a knife and paint the entire area c.
cut out the affected wood plus some good
wood. d. keep affected areas dampened with fresh
water.
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
4. The most effective way to treat dry rot when
it is found is to_______________ c. cut out the
affected wood plus some good wood.
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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 5
5. A good method to combat galvanic action is to
________ a. use the same metal throughout the
boat. b. electrically connect dissimilar metals
immersed in sea water. c. eliminate all
stray electrical currents d. add a sacrificial
metal.
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
5. A good method to combat galvanic action is to
_________________ d. Add a sacrificial metal
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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 6
6. What is used to keep the propeller on the
shaft? a. locking ring b. a lock nut c. a
slot d. a collar
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
6. What is used to keep the propeller on the
shaft? b. a lock nut
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REVIEW QUESTIONSNP. 7
7. The two types of marine growth are__ a.
barnacles and moss b. oysters and grass c.
worms and oysters d. vegetable and animal
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
7. The two types of marine growth are___ d.
vegetable and animal
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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO.8
8. The primary effect of marine growth on the
hull is ________________ a. to slow its
speed b. little or none c, not well known d.
negligible
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
8. The primary effect of marine growth on the
hull is________________ a. slow its speed
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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 9
9. The proper way to store a boat is to__ a.
always let the weight rest on the
shoring. b. never let the weight rest on the
shoring c. never shore the boat d.
never cover the boat
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
9. The proper way to store a boat is to___ b.
never let the weight rest on the shoring.
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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 10
10. In galvanic action, the current flows from
the _____ to the ____metal. a. less noble/more
noble b. more noble/less noble c.
negative/positive d. positive/negative
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
10. In galvanic action the current flows from the
____to the ____metal. a. less noble/more noble
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END OF CH. 2