Europe and the New World:

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Chapter 14

• Europe and the New World
• New Encounters, 1500 1800

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Timeline
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On the Brink of a New World

• Motives God, Glory, Gold!
• Fantastic lands
• The Travels of John Mandeville (14th century)
• Prester John
• Economic motives
• Access to the East Spices n Gold!
• The Polos Marco Polo! The Travels
• Religious Zeal
• Spanish Reconquista sets the stage

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Means

• Centralization of political authority
• Maps
• Ptolemys Geography (printed editions available
  from 1477 on)
• Underestimated circumference
• Ships and Sailing
• Naval technology rudder sails Caravel!
• Navigation compass astrolabe
• Portolani naval charts
• Knowledge of wind patterns

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Ptolemys World Map
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The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire

• Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 1460)
• The Portuguese in India
• Bartholomeu Dias (c. 1450 1500)
• Vasco da Gama (c. 1460 1524)
• Reaches India by rounding Cape of Good Hope
• Alfonso dAlbuquerque (1462 1515)
• Commercial Military bases (Goa, India)
• Malacca Strategic position
• In Search of Spices
• Portuguese expansion
• Reasons for Portuguese success
• Guns
• Seamanship

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Map 14.1 Discoveries and Possessions in the
Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
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Voyages to the New World

• Christopher Columbus (1451 1506)
• Reached the Bahamas (Oct. 12, 1492)
• Additional voyages (1493, 1498, and 1502)
• Additional Discoveries
• John Cabot New England
• Pedro Cabral S. America (1500)
• Amerigo Vespucci
• Ferdinand Magellan (1480 1521)
• Circumnavigates the Earth (but dies in
  Philippeans)
• Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
• Pope divides New World btwn Spain Portugal

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The Spanish Empire in the New World

• Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica
• The Maya
• The Aztecs
• The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire
• Hernan Cortés (1485 1547)
• Moctezuma (Montezuma)
• Aztec Empire overthrown internal dissention
  divide conquer

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Slaughter of the Natives
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The Spanish Empire, Continued

• The Inca and the Spanish
• Pachakuti
• Inca buildings and roads
• Francisco Pizarro (c. 1475 1541)
• Smallpox
• Incas overthrown (1535)
• Administration of the Spanish Empire
• Encomienda
• Viceroys
• The Church

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Africa The Slave Trade

• Origins of the Slave Trade
• Sugar cane and slavery
• Growth of the Slave Trade
• Up to 10,000,000 African slaves taken to the
  Americas between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth
  Centuries
• The Middle Passage high death rate during
  transit
• Prisoners of war
• Effects of the Slave Trade
• Depopulation of African kingdoms
• Political effects of slave trade
• Criticism of slavery
• Abolition and the Quakers

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The Sale of Slaves
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A Sugar Mill in the West Indies
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Triangular Trade Route in the Atlantic Economy
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The West in Southeast Asia

• Portugal
• Spain
• The Dutch and the English
• Local Kingdoms (Burma, Siam, and Vietnam)

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The French and the British in India

• The Mughal Empire
• The Impact of the Western Powers
• Portugal
• England
• The Dutch and the French
• Sir Robert Clive
• The East India Company
• Battle of Plassey (1757)

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China Japan

• China
• Ming Dynasty (1369 1644)
• Qing Dynasty
• Western inroads
• Russia
• England
• Limited contact
• Japan
• Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543 1616)
• Opening to the West
• The Portuguese
• Initially visitors welcomed
• Catholic missionaries
• The Dutch

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The Americas

• Spain and Portugal
• The West Indies
• The British and the French
• The Sugar Factories
• North America
• The Dutch
• New Netherlands
• The English
• Jamestown (1607)
• Thirteen Colonies
• The French
• Canada

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Toward a World Economy

• Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century
• Inflation -- ? gold/silver from colonies
• The Growth of Commercial Capitalism
• Joint stock trading companies Precursor to
  modern corporation
• New economic institutions facilitate new
  enterprises
• The Bank of Amsterdam
• Amsterdam Bourse (Exchange)
• Agriculture increased efficiency, new crops

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Mercantilism

• Total volume of trade unchangeable
• Economic activity war through peaceful means
• Importance of bullion/specie and favorable
  balance of trade zero-sum game
• Imports loss of bullion/specie
• Exports gain of bullion/specie
• State Intervention
• Foster domestic industry
• Impede foreign imports
• Roll of colonies!

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Overseas Trade and Colonies Movement Toward
Globalization

• Transoceanic trade very valuable
• Intra-European Trade
• Trade patterns interlocked Europe, Africa, the
  East, and the Americas

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The Impact of European Expansion The Conquered

• Devastating effects to local populations in
  America and Africa
• Less impact in Asia why?
• Multiracial society in Latin America
• Ecology
• Catholic Missionaries
• Conversion of native populations
• Hospitals, orphanages and schools
• The Jesuits in Asia
• Conversions in China
• Japan

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The Impact of European Expansion The Conquerors

• Opportunities for women shortage of ? in
  colonies
• Economic Effects
• Gold and silver inflationary effect on Europe
• Exchange of plants and animals Columbian
  Exchange
• Impact on European Lifestyle
• Chocolate, coffee and tea
• European Rivalries
• New Views of the World
• Gerardus Mercator (1512 1594) and his map
• Psychological Impact

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A Seventeenth-Century World Map
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Map 14.3 The Columbian Exchange
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Discussion Questions

• Why were the Portuguese so well positioned for
  overseas exploration?
• How were the Spanish able to defeat the Aztecs
  and the Incas?
• What social and economic forces drove the Slave
  Trade?
• How were the British able to achieve such a
  dominant position in Asia?
• What impact did European colonization have on the
  colonized?
• What economic changes occurred in Europe as a
  result of Mercantilism and Capitalism?
• How did European expansion affect Europe?

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Web Links

• The Slave Trade
• European Voyages of Exploration
• The Mariners Museum The Age of Exploration
• Digital South Asia Library
• Around the Indus in 90 Slides
• Internet East Asian History Sourcebook
• The East India Company
• Virtual Jamestown