Colonial New England

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Colonial New England

• Aim What type of society did the Puritans
  establish in Colonial New England?

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I. Puritan Origins

• 1517 Martin Luther began the Protestant
  Reformation.
• John Calvins use of Luthers ideas had a
  profound effect on the thought and character of
  America.
• Calvinism became the dominant theological credo.

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I. Puritan Origins

• Major doctrines of Calvinism are
  predestinationthe elect are destined for eternal
  bliss and others for eternal tormentand
  conversionthe receipt of Gods free gift.
• 1530s King Henry VIII broke with the Catholic
  Church.
• Puritans English religious reformers who wanted
  to purify English Christianity.

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II. The Pilgrims and Plymouth Colony

• Controversy over church membership led to the
  Separatists breaking from the Church of England.
• 1620 Some Separatists (known as Pilgrims) sailed
  on the Mayflower to Plymouth Bay.
• Their Mayflower Compact was an agreement
  (democratic?) to form a government and submit to
  the will of the majority under some regulations.

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Mayflower Compact (1620)

• "In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are
  underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread
  Sovereign Lord, King James, by the Grace of God,
  of England, France and Ireland, King, Defender of
  the Faith, e.
• Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and
  Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the
  Honour of our King and Country, a voyage to plant
  the first colony in the northern parts of
  Virginia do by these presents, solemnly and
  mutually in the Presence of God and one of
  another, covenant and combine ourselves together
  into a civil Body Politick, for our better
  Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the
  Ends aforesaid And by Virtue hereof to enact,
  constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws,
  Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices, from
  time to time, as shall be thought most meet and
  convenient for the General good of the Colony
  unto which we promise all due submission and
  obedience.
• In Witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed
  our names at Cape Cod the eleventh of November,
  in the Reign of our Sovereign Lord, King James of
  England, France and Ireland, the eighteenth, and
  of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini, 1620."
  

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III. Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Non-separatist
• Arrived in 1630John Winthrop becomes governor
• Covenant with God (the elect)
• believed they had a covenant with God to build a
  holy society as a model for all humankind.
• City upon a Hill
• Puritan work ethic - serious commitment to work
  and worldly pursuits
• Great Migration By 1640, approx 20,000 arrived
  from England

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Map 3.1b p45
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New England Colonies, 1650
Population in the Colonies
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Massachusetts Bay

• Government
• General Court legislative assembly of freeman
  (stockholders) church members no women
• Massachusetts Body of Liberties
• Town Meetings administered local affairs, land
  distribution
• Economy Farming, shipping, fishing, trade some
  slavery
• Protestant work ethic Hard work, frugality,
  thriftiness, etc.
• Society Patriarchal
• Half-way Covenant - provided a partial church
  membership for the children and grandchildren of
  church members

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IV. Religious Intolerance

• Quakers flogged fled to PA
• Roger Williams
• Liberty of Conscience
• Separation of church and state
• Tolerant (esp. w/ Indians)
• Opposed alliance of church and civil govt
• Banished Rhode Island, a liberal colony of
  religious tolerance, freedom, and democracy
• Anne Hutchinson
• Antinomian - one who opposes the law
• Preached at her house
• Winthrop said Hutchinsons lectures were not
  tolerable nor comely in the sight of God nor
  fitting for your sex
• - Stood trial, deemed a heretic, banished
• Traveled to RI and then to NY
• Salem Witch Trials

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V. New England Spreads Out

• The fertile Connecticut River area attracted a
  sprinkling of Dutch and English settlers.
• 1635 Hartford was founded.
• 1639 Connecticuts Fundamental Orders was a
  modern constitution that established a regime
  democratically controlled by the substantial
  citizens.
• 1638 New Haven was founded by Puritans.

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Map 3.2 p48
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V. New England Spreads Out

• 1677 Maine was absorbed by Massachusetts.
• 1641 New Hampshire was absorbed by the Bay
  Colony.
• 1679 King Charles II separated New Hampshire
  from Massachusetts and made it a royal colony.

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VI. Puritans Versus Indians

• Before Pilgrims arrived in 1620, an epidemic
  killed over 75 of the native people.
• Wampanoag Indians befriended the settlers.
• 1621 Wampanoag chieftain Massasoit signed a
  treaty with the Plymouth Pilgrims.
• 1621 The first Thanksgiving was celebrated.
• Expanding settlement increased tensions.

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VI. Puritans Versus Indians

• 1637 Hostilities between Indians and whites
  exploded in the brutal Pequot War
• 1675 Massasoits son Metacom (King Philip)
  forged intertribal alliance to resist settlers.
• 16751676 King Philips War slowed English
  settlement for a time, but overall inflicted a
  lasting defeat on Indians in New England.

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p49
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VII. Organizing New England

• 1643 Four colonies formed New England
  Confederation.
• Its primary aim was defense against foes.
• Each colony had two votes.
• 1686 Royal authority created the Dominion of New
  England
• It embraced New England, and two years later New
  York and East and West Jersey.
• Sir Edmund Andros headed the Dominion.

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VIII. New England Society

• Puritan ideology placed men as head of household
• Unequal inheritances, punishments
• Bearing and rearing children were important tasks
  Puritan women spent much of their adult lives
  pregnant or caring for young children

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VIII. New England SocietyWomen in Colonial
America

• Men often gained land they could have never had
  in England
• Arranged marriages common
• Bride relinquished legal ownership of property to
  husband
• After husbands death, only received 1/3 of
  property

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VIII. New England SocietyCrisis of Freehold
Society

• As population grew, land and resources became
  less available
• Parents had less control over children as they
  had less to offer them rise in premarital
  conceptions
• Began to have smaller families to make land
  available to children
• Developed household mode of production

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Envisioning Evidence

• PATTERNS OF SETTLEMENT IN NEW ENGLAND AND THE
  CHESAPEAKE COMPARED

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IX. New Netherlands

• 17th century Dutch golden age.
• Dutch expanded their commercial and naval power
  to become a leading colonial power.
• Hudson explores New York area
• New Amsterdam established as capital of New
  Netherlands
• Ruled by Gov. Peter Stuyvesant
• England takes over in 1664
• New York
• Dutch influence
• Place names
• Gambrel-roofed architecture
• Social customs and folkways (e.g., Easter eggs,
  Santa Claus)

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MAP 3.3 European Colonies of the Atlantic Coast
160739
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X. Pennsylvania

• Charles II bestowed Pennsylvania on William Penn
  as payment for debt
• Designed by Penn as a refuge for Quakers
• Quakers believed all men and women had inner
  light
• Prohibited an established church and allowed all
  property-owning men to vote and hold office

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X. Pennsylvania

• Noted features of the colony
• No provision for a military defense
• No restrictions on immigration
• Strong dislike of slavery
• Some progress toward social reform
• Contained many different ethnic groups
• Afforded economic opportunity, civil liberty, and
  religious freedom

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XI. Middle Colonies

• NY, NJ and Pennsylvania became home to people of
  different origins, languages and religions
• People tended to cling to their traditions ,
  creating diverse groupings within the colonies
• Led to ethnic and religious tension that
  foreshadowed later problems in the United States

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Middle Colonies

• Common features of New York, New Jersey,
  Delaware, and Pennsylvania
• They had extensive fertile soil.
• They became the bread colonies because of grain
  exports.
• Rivers like the Susquehanna, the Delaware, and
  the Hudson tapped the interior fur trade.
• Industry stimulated commerce and the growth of
  seaports like New York and Philadelphia.

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Middle Colonies

• The middle colonies were midway between New
  England and the southern plantations
• Landholding was intermediate in size.
• Local government was between personalized town
  meetings of New England and diffused county
  government of the South.
• They had fewer industries than New England, but
  more than the South.

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Middle Colonies

• Distinctions of their own
• A more ethnically mixed population
• An unusual degree of religious toleration and
  democratic control
• Desirable land that was easier to acquire
• Considerable economic and social democracy
• All American colonies flourished under Britains
  continuing hands-off policies.